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MY'STORY

The MOVE Fire

This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985 Philadelphia police fired thousands of rounds at the MOVE house, city officials approved dropping an explosive device on the roof, the resulting fire was allowed to burn, 11 people—including five children—died, and 61 homes were destroyed. Philadelphia City Council later called it a “brutal attack carried out by the City of Philadelphia on its own citizens” and acknowledged that no individual faced criminal consequences for the bombing. One timeline correction worth preserving for the BHP record: the major previous MOVE-police confrontation was August 8, 1978, about seven years before the bombing, not a year or two earlier. Officer James Ramp was killed, other police and firefighters were wounded, nine MOVE members were later convicted, and television cameras recorded police beating Delbert Africa during his arrest. The 1985 MOVE Commission later specifically criticized city planners for failing to adequately use lessons from that 1978 confrontation. And that actually strengthens the point you’re making: 1985 did not happen without precedent or institutional memory. There had already been a deadly confrontation with MOVE, years of conflict, negotiations and police involvement before Osage Avenue.

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BLACK FACTS
The Truths They Never Taught You...

Ruler of the Mali Empire in the 14th century

Mansa Musa was the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa. Details recorded here should be sourced; unknown information is left blank.

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Wikipedia

IBM PS/2 Model 60

Personal System/2 Model 60
A PS/2 Model 60 with tape drive
DeveloperInternational Business Machines Corporation (IBM)
ManufacturerIBM
Product family
Personal System/2
TypeDesktop computer
ReleasedApril 2, 1987; 39 years ago (1987-04-02)
Lifespan1987–1990
DiscontinuedOctober 1990 (1990-10)
Media1.44 MB 3.5-in floppy disks
CPUIntel 80286 at 10 MHz
Memory1 MB – 7 MB
Storage44–70 MB hard drive
GraphicsVideo Graphics Array
Power120/240 VAC ～
PredecessorPersonal Computer AT
SuccessorIBM PS/2 Model 65 SX
RelatedList of IBM PS/2 models

The Personal System/2 Model 60 is a high-end desktop computer in IBM's Personal System/2 (PS/2) family of personal computers. First released in April 1987, the Model 60 uses an Intel 80286 processor running at a clock speed of 10 MHz, the same as its midrange counterpart, the Personal System/2 Model 50. Unlike the Model 50, the Model 60 is built into a tower case and has four more 16-bit MCA expansion slots and an additional drive bay. The Model 60 was IBM's first Intel-based PC with a tower form factor and was influential in popularizing towers in computer case design.

IBM followed up the Model 60 with the 32-bit Personal System/2 Model 80 which has an i386 processor and eight 32-bit MCA slots, in late 1987, and directly replaced the Model 60 with the Personal System/2 Model 65 SX, which has an i386SX and eight 16-bit MCA slots (same as the Model 60), in early 1990. Both the Model 80 and Model 65 have identical tower cases to the Model 60. IBM discontinued the Model 60 in October 1990.

Specifications and release

[edit]

Model 60

[edit]

The PS/2 Model 60 was introduced on April 2, 1987, alongside the lower-end Model 30 and the midrange Model 50. Both the PS/2 Model 60 and the Model 50 featured identical Intel 80286 processors clocked at 10 MHz and served as the public market introduction of Video Graphics Array (VGA) and Micro Channel architecture (MCA). MCA was a proprietary bus standard designed by IBM to replace the aging Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) first used in their earlier IBM PCs, while VGA was an upgraded graphics standard for IBM's PCs and compatibles, supporting higher resolutions and greater color bit depth. Unlike the Model 50, the Model 60 built into a tower computer case and featured four additional 16-bit MCA expansion slots as well as an additional drive bay.[1] Because of the Model 60's increased potential for connectivity and multitasking, technology journalists envisioned the PS/2 Model 60 as a multiuser machine.[2]

The Model 60 was originally available in two configurations: one with a 44-MB, ST-506 hard disk drive, for US$5,295; and another with a 70-MB hard drive and a faster ESDI disk interface, for $6,295. This compared to $3,595 for the midrange Model 50.[3]: 137 [4] Owing to its relatively slow DRAM, rated for 125-ns access times, the original Model 60 inserts wait states for every memory access operation, leading to compromised performance compared to 286-class machines with an equivalent clock speed but faster RAM. This same issue also plagued the original Personal System/2 Model 50, which IBM corrected with the Model 50 Z in 1988.[5] The Model 60 continued to have the same slow RAM chips throughout its existence, however.[6]

Model 65 SX

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On March 20, 1990, IBM introduced the PS/2 Model 65 SX, featuring the cost-reduced i386SX processor by Intel clocked at 16 MHz. Internally, the i386SX supports 32-bit operations, but its data bus could only access RAM 16 bits at a time. Because of this, the Model 65 SX contains only 16-bit MCA slots, exactly like the Model 60. The Model 65 SX upgraded the on-board disk controller to SCSI from ESDI and had faster on-board memory chips and support for 1 MB more of RAM, however.[7][8] The Model 65 SX directly replaced the Model 60, the final units of which rolled off the line at IBM's factory in Boca Raton in October 1990.[9]

Sales and reception

[edit]

The Model 60 was initially manufactured at IBM's facility in Boca Raton, Florida. Compared to other models in the PS/2 line, the Model 60 was a slow seller; by July 1987, the Boca Raton factory was producing only 800 Model 60s daily, compared to 1,000 Model 50s.[10] The Model 60 continued to sell poorly throughout its three year lifespan; by January 1990, it was the worst selling PS/2 in the entire line-up, IBM shipping fewer units per month than even the more-expensive PS/2 Model 80.[11] In early 1989, IBM moved manufacturing of the Model 60 from Boca Raton to Raleigh, North Carolina, after shutting down their production lines reserved for computer systems in Boca Raton.[12]

In a longform review in PC Magazine, journalist Winn L. Rosch concluded that the Model 60 was priced out for customers wanting to use the machine in a single-user configuration for simple applications, the added expansion slots over the Model 50 "[not] very useful considering all the features packed onto the Model 60 system board". For multiuser and high-load file server applications, however, Rosch concluded that the Model 60 "will serve well".[3]: 148  Of the computer's graphical performance, InfoWorld's Steve Satchell wrote that the "Model 60's video performance is nothing less than astounding", representing the first time the magazine had reviewed a PC where components of a windowing system were drawn instantly on screen instead of being painted slowly.[13]: 65  On the whole, despite several reservations about high price and serviceability, Satchell concluded: "The bottom line is that the Model 60's great performance balances these uncertainties, resulting in a satisfactory value".[13]: 67 

Legacy

[edit]

Although a poor seller, the PS/2 Model 60 (as well as the Model 80) started the trend of computer manufacturers offering PC compatibles in optional tower form factors. By May 1988, over a dozen companies were selling desktops in a tower form factor at that year's Comdex, according to The New York Times.[14] By the mid-1990s, tower computers had overtaken traditional horizontal desktop cases in terms of sales.[15]

[edit]

Model 80

[edit]
Main article: IBM PS/2 Model 80

In July 1987,[16] IBM shipped the PS/2 Model 80, their first personal computer with the 32-bit i386 processor, in an identical tower case to the Model 60.[4] Unlike the Model 60, the Model 80 features several 32-bit MCA slots, allowing the computer to take full advantage of the most advanced Micro Channel cards on the market. IBM sold the Model 80 alongside the Model 60 for several years.[17]

Academic System

[edit]

The 6152 Academic System was a workstation computer developed by IBM's Academic Information Systems (ACIS) division for the university market introduced in February 1988. The 6152 was based on the PS/2 Model 60, adding a RISC Adapter Card on the Micro Channel bus. This card was a co-processor that enabled the 6152 to run ROMP software compiled for IBM's Academic Operating System (AOS), a version of BSD UNIX for the ROMP that was only available to select colleges and universities.[18]

The RISC Adapter Card contained the ROMP-C microprocessor (an enhanced version of the ROMP that first appeared in the IBM RT PC workstations), a memory management unit (the ROMP had virtual memory), a floating-point coprocessor, and up to 8 MB of memory for use by the ROMP.[19] The 6152 was the first computer to use the ROMP-C, which would later be introduced in new RT PC models.[20]: 19 

Submodels

[edit]
See also: List of IBM PS/2 models
IBM PS/2 Model 60 submodels
Model IBM P/N Processor Clock speed
(MHz)		 Bus No. of
slots		 No. of
drive bays		 FDD HDD Stock
RAM		 Maximum
RAM		 Video adapter Monitor Form factor Date introduced Notes Ref(s).
60 8560-041 Intel 80286 10 (1 w) MCA, 16-bit 8 4 one 1.44 MB 44 MB (ST-506) 1 MB 7 MB VGA optional Tower April 1987 [21][17]
60 8560-071 Intel 80286 10 (1 w) MCA, 16-bit 8 4 one 1.44 MB 70 MB (ESDI) 1 MB 7 MB VGA optional Tower April 1987 [21][17]
65 SX 8565-061 Intel 386SX 16 MCA, 16-bit 8 4 one 1.44 MB 60 MB (SCSI) 2 MB 8 MB VGA optional Tower March 1990 [22][23][24]
65 SX 8565-121 Intel 386SX 16 MCA, 16-bit 8 4 one 1.44 MB 120 MB (SCSI) 2 MB 8 MB VGA optional Tower March 1990 [22][24]
65 SX 8565-321 Intel 386SX 16 MCA, 16-bit 8 4 one 1.44 MB 320 MB (SCSI) 2 MB 8 MB VGA optional Tower October 1990 [25][26]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Rosch, Winn L. (June 9, 1987). "IBM Model 60: Towering, Expandable Powerhouse". PC Magazine. 6 (11). Ziff-Davis: 33–34 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ Lewis, Peter H. (September 15, 1987). "I.B.M. Leaps from Desk to Floor". The New York Times: C4. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015.
  3. ^ a b Rosch, Winn L. (July 1987). "IBM Personal System/2 Model 60". PC Magazine. 6 (13). Ziff-Davis: 136–148 – via Google Books.
  4. ^ a b Potts, Mark (April 3, 1987). "New IBM Computers Unveiled". The Washington Post. p. F1. ProQuest 306890384.
  5. ^ Zachmann, William F. (June 13, 1988). "IBM's Latest PS/2s Punish Early Buyers, May Also Hurt Customer Loyalty". InfoWorld. 10 (24). IDG Publications: 60 – via Google Books.
  6. ^ Byers, T. J. (1989). IBM PS/2: A Reference Guide. Intertext Publications. p. 15. ISBN 9780070095250 – via Google Books.
  7. ^ Sexton, Tara; Diane Bernard (March 12, 1990). "IBM set to unleash PS/2, OS/2 barrage". PC Week. 7 (10). Ziff-Davis: 1 et seq – via Gale.
  8. ^ Sexton, Tara (April 2, 1990). "IBM takes 2nd swing at PS/2 prices". PC Week. 7 (13). Ziff-Davis: 17 et seq – via Gale.
  9. ^ Sexton, Tara (August 6, 1990). "IBM holds fire sale on PS/2 60, 16MHz 80". PC Week. 7 (31). Ziff-Davis: 12 – via Gale.
  10. ^ Hillkirk, John (June 24, 1987). "IBM reports new PC is red-hot sellout". USA Today. USA Today Information Network: 1B. ProQuest 305894716.
  11. ^ Pastore, Richard (March 26, 1990). "PS/2 tries to climb off desktop". Computerworld. XXIV (13). CW Communications: 1, 8 – via Google Books.
  12. ^ LaPlante, Alice (April 24, 1989). "Dealers Report Model 80 Shortage". InfoWorld. 11 (17). IDG Publications: 1, 93 – via Google Books.
  13. ^ a b Satchell, Steve (April 20, 1987). "IBM's New 80286 PC Ushers in Next Generation". InfoWorld. 9 (16). IDG Publications: 65–67 – via Google Books.
  14. ^ Lewis, Peter H. (May 24, 1988). "PC's on a Target Range". The New York Times: C10. Archived from the original on May 25, 2015.
  15. ^ Dennen, Ed (July 18, 1994). "How can it be a desktop if it isn't on top of the desk?". PC Week. 11 (28). Ziff-Davis: 69 – via Gale.
  16. ^ Pitta, Julie (February 8, 1988). "Deskpro powers up". Computerworld. XXII (6). IDG Publications: 33, 36 – via Google Books.
  17. ^ a b c Halliday, Caroline M.; James A. Shields (1988). IBM PS/2: Technical Guide. Howard W. Sams. p. 26. ISBN 9780672226281 – via Google Books.
  18. ^ LaPlante, Alice (February 8, 1988). "Workstation Merges PS/2, RT Technology". InfoWorld. 10 (6). IDG Publications: 1, 81 – via Google Books.
  19. ^ IBM Academic System 6152: Quick Reference and Reference Diskette. International Business Machines Corporation. January 1988. p. 2 – via the Internet Archive.
  20. ^ The University of Michigan Computing Center (October 1988). "UNIX Notes". U-M Computing News. Vol. 3, no. 17. pp. 18–19.
  21. ^ a b "IBM PS/2 (Model 60) – Technical Specifications". International Business Machines Corporation. 2000. Retrieved September 28, 2021 – via Ardent Tool.
  22. ^ a b Scannell, Ed; Alice LaPlante (March 26, 1990). "IBM Unveils New PS/2s with Fast SCSI Storage". InfoWorld. 12 (13). IDG Publications: 1, 8 – via Google Books.
  23. ^ LaPlante, Alice (August 10, 1987). "New Model 80 Offers 314MB Disk". InfoWorld. 9 (32). IDB Publications: 1, 89 – via Google Books.
  24. ^ a b "IBM PS/2 (Model 65 SX) – Technical Specifications". International Business Machines Corporation. 2000. Retrieved September 28, 2021 – via Ardent Tool.
  25. ^ Woods, Wendy (October 30, 1990). "IBM rolls out high-end PS/2s, low-memory OS/2 version". Newsbytes. The Washington Post Company – via Gale.
  26. ^ Mueller, Scott (1994). Upgrading and Repairing PCs (4th ed.). Que. pp. 1126–1127. ISBN 9781565299320 – via the Internet Archive.
[edit]

Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.

Wikipedia

IBM PS/2 Model 60

The Personal System/2 Model 60 is a high-end desktop computer in IBM's Personal System/2 (PS/2) family of personal computers. First released in April 1987, the Model 60 uses an Intel 80286 processor running at a clock speed of 10 MHz, the same as its midrange counterpart, the Personal System/2 Model 50. Unlike the Model 50, the Model 60 is built into a tower case and has four more 16-bit MCA expansion slots and an additional drive bay. The Model 60 was IBM's first Intel-based PC with a tower form factor and was influential in popularizing towers in computer case design. IBM followed up the Model 60 with the 32-bit Personal System/2 Model 80 which has an i386 processor and eight 32-bit MCA slots, in late 1987, and directly replaced the Model 60 with the Personal System/2 Model 65 SX, which has an i386SX and eight 16-bit MCA slots (same as the Model 60), in early 1990. Both the Model 80 and Model 65 have identical tower cases to the Model 60. IBM discontinued the Model 60 in October 1990.

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Wikipedia

IBM PS/2 Model 80

The Personal System/2 Model 80 (typeset on the badge as the Personal System/2 Model 80 386) is a high-end desktop computer in IBM's Personal System/2 (PS/2) family of personal computers. First released in July 1987, the Model 80 features the 32-bit Intel 386 processor running at a clock speed of 16 MHz. The Model 80 was built into a tower case, the same one as its 16-bit counterpart the PS/2 Model 60. It has several 32-bit MCA expansion slots—the only PS/2 model to include such slots at the time of its release—and between five and six drive bays. The PS/2 Model 80 was the highest-end PS/2 in the original 1987 line-up and was IBM's first PC based on the 386 processor. The Model 80 received several updates over the course of its lifespan, increasing the computer's hard drive capacity as well as the clock speed of its processor and the maximum supported RAM. IBM discontinued the Model 80 in 1992.

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Wikipedia

IBM PS/2 Model L40 SX

The IBM Personal System/2 Model L40 SX (stylized as PS/2 Model L40 SX) is a laptop made by IBM as part of the IBM PS/2 series. It was the successor to the IBM PC Convertible. The "SX" in the name refers to its CPU, the Intel 80386SX.

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Wikipedia

IBM PS/2 Model 30

The Personal System/2 Model 30 and Personal System/2 Model 30 286 are IBM's entry-level desktop computers in their Personal System/2 (PS/2) family of personal computers. As opposed to higher-end entries in the PS/2 line which use Micro Channel bus architecture, the Model 30 features the Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, allowing it to use expansion cards from its direct predecessors, the PC/XT and the PC/AT. The original PS/2 Model 30, released in April 1987, is built upon the Intel 8086 microprocessor clocked at 8 MHz and features the 8-bit ISA bus; the Model 30 286, released in September 1988, features the Intel 80286 clocked at 10 MHz and includes the 16-bit ISA bus. IBM succeeded the Model 30 and Model 286 with the Personal System/2 Model 35 and Personal System/2 Model 40 subfamilies. Like their predecessors, the PS/2 Model 35 and PS/2 Model 40 use the ISA bus and were intended as entry-level models.

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TOPIC OF THE DAY

Greenwood / Black Wall Street

Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.

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TRIVIA QUESTION OF THE DAY

Which Black woman became the first elected to the United States Congress?

Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.