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Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| Ila | |
|---|---|
| chiIla | |
| Native to | Zambia |
| Ethnicity | Ila |
Native speakers | 106,000 (2010 census)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:ilb – Ilashq – Sala |
| Glottolog | ilaa1246 Ilasala1266 Sala |
M.63,631–633[2] | |
Ila (Chiila) is a language of Zambia. Maho (2009) lists Lundwe (Shukulumbwe) and Sala as distinct languages most closely related to Ila. Ila is one of the languages of the Earth included on the Voyager Golden Record.[3]
The following phonology data follows a 1927 report by Clement Martyn Doke.[4]
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Near-close | i | u |
| Mid | e | o |
| Open | a | |
Vowels may be nasalized before voiceless fricatives, and length is freely variable.[4]: 129 There are no diphthongs.[4]: 131
In Ila proper, /a/ is between front and central positions [a̠], noticeably further forward than in Kafwe Twa and Lundwe, where it is more standard central [ä]. All other vowels are phonetically lower (more open) than their cardinal values: [i̞, u̞, e̞, o̞]. Before laterals /l, ɺ/, mid /e/ lowers even further to approach an open-mid quality [ɛ].[4]: 130
Letters shown in ⟨angle brackets⟩ are Doke's orthography where it differs from typical IPA transcriptions.
| Bilabial | Alveolar | (Alveolo-) Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lab. | pal. | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | (ɦ̃ʷ) ⟨ɦ̰⟩ | (ʑ̤̃) ⟨ɲ ⟩[a]
| |
| Plosive | voiceless | pʰ | tʰ | c[b] | k[b] | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɟ | ɡ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ɕ ⟨ʃ⟩ | hʷ ⟨h⟩ | |||
| voiced | β ⟨ʋ⟩ | z | ʑ ⟨ʒ⟩[c] | ɦʷ ⟨ɦ⟩ | ʑ̤ ⟨⟩[c]
| ||
| Approximant | l | j | w | ||||
| Flap | ɺ ⟨𝼑⟩ | ||||||
The set that Doke wrote as ⟨h, ɦ, ɦ̰⟩ are described as "labio-glottal" fricatives. ⟨h⟩ is voiceless, ⟨ɦ⟩ is voiced, and ⟨ɦ̰⟩ is a nasalized form of ⟨ɦ⟩. Doke noted that the voiceless fricative had previously been written as ⟨f⟩ or ⟨h⟩, and the voiced fricative as ⟨vh⟩. He described them as "modified glottal fricatives" with concurrent lip friction and the tongue kept in a velar position, thus giving them a [w]-like glide. He also provided an alternate description of them as velarized variants of typical glottal fricatives with lip friction similar to that of a bilabial fricative [β].[4]: 142 They might thus be transcribed as [hʷ, ɦʷ, ɦ̃ʷ], or more precisely as [hˠᶲ, ɦˠᵝ, ɦ̃ˠᵝ].
Lundwe and Kafwe Twa are described as having a "palato-glottal" fricative in place of /ʑ/, which he wrote as ⟨⟩, a combination of ⟨ɦ⟩ and ⟨ʒ⟩.[4]: 141–142 It has a nasalized form in nasal environments. The tongue position is approximately the same as [ʑ] but with strong glottal friction.[4]: 149 The variants might thus be transcribed as [ʑ̤, ʑ̤̃] (with the diacritic for breathy voice).
Doke noted that there are high, mid, and low tones, which he transcribed as ⟨◌̍⟩ for high, unmarked for mid, and ⟨◌̩⟩ for low. There are many instances in which tone is used to distinguish terms. For example, ⟨cita̩⟩ [cʰi̞tà̠] 'do' versus ⟨cita̍⟩ [cʰi̞tá̠] 'I don't know', ⟨ʋala̩⟩ [βa̠là̠] 'carry' versus ⟨ʋala̍⟩ [βa̠lá̠] 'read'.[4]: 144
According to Smith & Dale (1919):[5]
Doke provides the following recommended orthography:
| Letter | a | b | c | d | e | g | h | ɦ | i | k | l | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | o | p | s | ʃ | t | u | w | y | z | ʒ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | ä | b, β | c(ʰ) | d | e̞ | ɡ | hʷ | ɦʷ, ɦ̃ʷ | i̞ | k(ʰ) | l, ɺ | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | o̞ | pʰ | s | ɕ | tʰ | u̞ | w | j | z | ʑ |
Words in English such as "Splash!", "Gurgle", "Ker-putt" express ideas without the use of sentences. Smith and Dale[5] point out that this kind of expression is very common in the Ila language:
You may say Ndamuchina anshi ("I throw him down"), but it is much easier and more trenchant to say simply Ti!, and it means the same.[7]
Some examples:
As in many other languages, Ila uses a system of noun classes. Either the system as presented by Smith and Dale[5] is simpler than that for Nyanja,[8] ChiChewa,[9] Tonga,[10] or Bemba,[11] or the authors have skated over the complexities by the use of the category "significant letter":
The locatives form a special category:
Thus:
The root is the part of the verb giving the primary meaning. To this can be added prefixes and suffixes: many elements can be united in this way, sometimes producing long and complex polysyllabic verb words. For example, from the root anga, "to tie", we can derive such a form as Tamuna kubaangulwila anzhyi? meaning, "Why have you still not untied them?"
Prefixes can show:
Suffixes can show:
Here are some of the forms of the verb kubona, "to see". (Note that there are also negative forms, e.g. ta-tu-boni, "we do not see", that there is also a subjunctive mood, a conditional mood, a jussive mood and the imperative. Many subjunctive forms end in -e.
The root of the verb is in two forms:
The above English renderings are approximate.
Certain suffixes add new dimensions of meaning to the root. Although these follow some logic, we again have to feel a way towards an adequate translation into English or any other language:
These can be used in composites: e.g. langilizhya - to cause to look on behalf of.[5]
In 1920, Edwin W. Smith and Andrew Murray Dale published The Ila-speaking Peoples of Northern Rhodesia in two volumes; the second volume features a large number of Ila texts with English translations.[14] The texts come from Ila people living along the Kafue River in what was then Northern Rhodesia. There are 60 folktales,[15] including a long cycle of stories about the trickster hare, along with proverbs,[16] riddles,[17] and dilemma tales.[18] Here are some of the proverbs:
Here are some of the riddles:
The Ila stories of the trickster hare have many affinities with the Br'er Rabbit stories collected by Joel Chandler Harris from African American storytellers in Georgia in the 19th century.[19] Some of the enslaved people of the southern United States were captured and purchased in this area of Zambia.[20][21] In addition, African American storytellers, including those consulted by Harris, made use of ideophones in English that resemble the ideophones of African languages such as Ila.[22]
Smith, Edwin William & Dale, Andrew Murray, The Ila-speaking Peoples of Northern Rhodesia. Macmillan and Company, London, 1920.
| National | |
|---|---|
| Other | |
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Ila (Chiila) is a language of Zambia. Maho (2009) lists Lundwe (Shukulumbwe) and Sala as distinct languages most closely related to Ila. Ila is one of the languages of the Earth included on the Voyager Golden Record.
Ìlá Òràngún (or Ila) is an ancient city in Osun State, Nigeria, that was the capital of an ancient city-state of the same name in the Igbomina area of Yorubaland in south-western Nigeria. Ìlá Òràngún is more populous than its sister-city, Òkè-Ìlá Òràngún, a town located about 7.5 miles (12 km) to the northeastern corner of Osun State. The latitude and longitude coordinates of Ila Orangun are 8.019116 and 4.901962 respectively. According to the information obtained from GeoNames geographical database, the population of Ila Orangun in Osun State, Nigeria is 179,192. It is the headquarters of the Ila Local Government Area. In addition to Ila Orangun, other towns and villages in Ila Local Government Area include Abalagemo, Aba Ododo, Ajaba, Alagbede, Ayetoro Obaaro, Edemosi, Ejigbo-Orangun, Igbo Eso, Oyi Ayegunle and so on. There are as much as over 200 compounds in the ancient city. The traditional ruler of the town is known as Orangun. The people of Ila speak the distinctive dialect of the Yoruba language called Igbomina (or Igbonna). A common traditional profession of the indigenes of the town is palm-wine tapping. This profession is referenced in one of the most popular songs and common sayings about the town of Ila. The proverb Ila 'o l'oogun, emu l'oogun Ila means "Ila has no special medicine or magical preparations other than palm-wine". A folk song also says Ila ni mi, ise mi o le/ti mo ba wa l'orun ope bi 'ofusia' ni i ri, which translates into English as "I am a citizen of Ila, my profession is very easy; if I am on top of a palm tree, I feel like I am upstairs in a multi-storey building." Ila-Orangun is the home of the Osun state College of Education, The Police Training College and Federal University of Health Sciences] The African Heritage Research Library was established in 1988. The ancient town also has a Mobile Police Training School The name of the present Orangun (King) of Ila Orangun is Oba Abdul Wahab Olukayode Oyedotun Bibiire I.
The Ila people are an ethnic group in The Republic of Zambia who make up 0.8 percent of the total population. The Ila are closely related in language and culture to their more numerous Tonga neighbours in Southern Province. The Ila people mainly reside in Namwala District, which is the principal town for the Ila, Itezhi-Tezhi and Mumbwa districts spread across seventeen chiefdoms. Most Ila grow enough food to feed their families and to cover expenses for physical needs and their children's educational expenses. More educational and career opportunities are available in the larger towns and village centers. Some Ila raise animals such as chickens, goats, or pigs on a small scale, and mostly cows, though that is usually for tradition and prestige. In fact, the belief that cows are a sign of wealth and value undergirds an Ila funeral tradition. The funeral ceremony lasts several days. On the day after burial, cows are slaughtered. It is believed that the more that are killed, the greater the value of the dead person in the eyes of the community. Afterward, everyone goes home with enough meat to compensate for the time spent at the funeral.
Bujji Ila Raa (transl. Bujji, come here!) is a 2022 Indian Telugu-language psychological thriller film directed by Garudavega Anji and starring Dhanraj, Sunil, Chandini Tamilarasan and Srikanth Iyengar. The music was composed by Sai Karthik. The film was released on 2 September 2022.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.
