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MY'STORY

The MOVE Fire

This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985 Philadelphia police fired thousands of rounds at the MOVE house, city officials approved dropping an explosive device on the roof, the resulting fire was allowed to burn, 11 people—including five children—died, and 61 homes were destroyed. Philadelphia City Council later called it a “brutal attack carried out by the City of Philadelphia on its own citizens” and acknowledged that no individual faced criminal consequences for the bombing. One timeline correction worth preserving for the BHP record: the major previous MOVE-police confrontation was August 8, 1978, about seven years before the bombing, not a year or two earlier. Officer James Ramp was killed, other police and firefighters were wounded, nine MOVE members were later convicted, and television cameras recorded police beating Delbert Africa during his arrest. The 1985 MOVE Commission later specifically criticized city planners for failing to adequately use lessons from that 1978 confrontation. And that actually strengthens the point you’re making: 1985 did not happen without precedent or institutional memory. There had already been a deadly confrontation with MOVE, years of conflict, negotiations and police involvement before Osage Avenue.

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BLACK FACTS
The Truths They Never Taught You...

The Violence That Helped Spark the NAACP

In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.

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BHP gathered finds from its connected research sources. Showing the 4 strongest Black History matches.
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Wikipedia

Inter-Asterisk eXchange

"IAX" redirects here. For the airline with the ICAO code IAX, see Island Express Air. For the Type Iax supernova, see Type Iax supernova.
Inter-Asterisk eXchange
Communication protocol
AbbreviationIAX
PurposeVoIP
DeveloperMark Spencer
Introduction ()
InfluencedIAX2
OSI layerApplication layer
Port4569
RFCRFC 5456

Inter-Asterisk eXchange (IAX) is a communications protocol native to the Asterisk private branch exchange (PBX) software, and is supported by a few other softswitches, PBX systems, and softphones. It is used for transporting voice over IP telephony sessions between servers and to terminal devices.

The original IAX protocol is deprecated and has been superseded by a second version, commonly called IAX2. The IAX2 protocol was published as an informational (non-standards-track) RFC 5456 by discretion of the RFC Editor in February 2010.[1]

Basic properties

[edit]

IAX is a binary-encoded voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) that is used for streaming media, but is primarily designed for IP voice calls.

IAX uses a single User Datagram Protocol (UDP) data stream and port number, by default 4569, between endpoints for both session signaling and media payloads. This feature provides benefits for traversing network address translators at network boundaries, as it simplifies firewall configuration. Other VoIP protocols typically use independent channels for signaling and media, such as the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), H.323, and the Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP), which carry media with the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP).

IAX supports trunking, multiplexing channels over a single link. When trunking, data from multiple sessions are merged into a single stream of packets between two endpoints, reducing the IP overhead. This is advantageous in VoIP transmissions, in which IP headers use a large fraction of bandwidth.

IAX2 supports native encryption of both control and media streams using AES-128.

Origin

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Both versions of the IAX protocol were created by Mark Spencer and much of the development was carried out in the Asterisk open-source community.

Goals

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The primary goals for IAX are to minimize bandwidth used in media transmissions, and to provide native network address translation (NAT) transparency. It was intended to be easy to use behind firewalls.

Drawbacks

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  • Awkward extensibility: Due to the lack of a generic extension mechanism, new features have to be added in the protocol specification, which makes the protocol less flexible than H.323, SIP, and MGCP.
  • Vulnerability: Older implementations of IAX2 were vulnerable to resource exhaustion DoS attack methods that are available to the public.[citation needed] While no solutions existed for these issues, the best practices included limiting UDP port access to specific trusted IP addresses. Internet-facing IAX2 ports are considered vulnerable and should be monitored closely. The fuzzer used to detect these application vulnerabilities was posted on milw0rm.[2] and is included in the VoIPer development tree.[3] These issues were briefly mentioned in the IAX RFC 5456 on page 94. This flaw does not exist in up-to-date installations.[4]

References

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  1. ^ RFC 5456, page 1: "Status of This Memo This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind."
  2. ^ Cornell, Blake. "udp IAX protocol fuzzer". milw0rm. Archived from the original on 2010-02-14.
  3. ^ Cornell, Blake (2009-05-19). "udp IAX protocol fuzzer". VoIPER : VoIP Exploit Research toolkit. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
  4. ^ Russell Bryant (2009-09-03). "Asterisk Project Security Advisory - AST-2009-006". Asterisk. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
[edit]

Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.

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Wikipedia

Inter-Asterisk eXchange

Inter-Asterisk eXchange (IAX) is a communications protocol native to the Asterisk private branch exchange (PBX) software, and is supported by a few other softswitches, PBX systems, and softphones. It is used for transporting voice over IP telephony sessions between servers and to terminal devices. The original IAX protocol is deprecated and has been superseded by a second version, commonly called IAX2. The IAX2 protocol was published as an informational (non-standards-track) RFC 5456 by discretion of the RFC Editor in February 2010.

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Wikipedia

IPKall

IPKall was a public switched telephone network to voice over IP call forwarding service. Users were able to register with the service to obtain a phone number chosen from several Washington State area codes and have all calls to that number forwarded to their Session Initiation Protocol or Inter-Asterisk eXchange uniform resource identifier, including an Asterisk server. The telephone company that provided IPKall numbers is International Telcom; they also provide a flat-rate $1/month area code 206 inbound fax service as Faxaway, a non-free voice and fax service as Kall8 (with toll-free or US local numbers) and the Kallback and KallCents discount outbound long-distance services. IPKall's popularity stemmed from the fact that it was probably the last remaining, widely accessible US-based VoIP service offering free-of-charge PSTN numbers.

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Wikipedia

Asterisk (software)

Asterisk is a software implementation of a private branch exchange (PBX). In conjunction with suitable telephony hardware interfaces and network applications, Asterisk is used to establish and control telephone calls between telecommunication endpoints such as customary telephone sets, destinations on the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and devices or services on voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) networks. Its name comes from the asterisk (*) symbol for a signal used in DTMF signaling. Asterisk was created in 1999 by Mark Spencer of Digium, which, since 2018, has been a division of Sangoma Technologies Corporation. Originally designed for Linux, Asterisk runs on a variety of operating systems, including NetBSD, OpenBSD, FreeBSD, macOS, and Solaris, and can be installed in embedded systems based on OpenWrt.

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Wikipedia

Inter-server

In computer network protocol design, inter-server communication is an extension of the client–server model in which data are exchanged directly between servers. In some fields server-to-server (S2S) is used as an alternative, and the term inter-domain can in some cases be used interchangeably.

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TOPIC OF THE DAY

Greenwood / Black Wall Street

Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.

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TRIVIA QUESTION OF THE DAY

Which heavyweight champion was known as the “Brown Bomber”?

Joe Louis.