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Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Mansa Musa was the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa. Details recorded here should be sourced; unknown information is left blank.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| IPython | |
|---|---|
 | |
 IPython Shell | |
| Original author | Fernando Perez[1] |
| Developers | Brian E. Granger, Min Ragan-Kelley, Paul Ivanov, Thomas Kluyver, Matthias Bussonnier |
| Release | 2001[1] |
| Stable release | 9.17.1[2] 
/ 1 September 2026 |
| Written in | Python, JavaScript, CSS, HTML |
| Operating system | Cross-platform |
| Type | Shell |
| License | BSD |
| Website | ipython |
| Repository | |
IPython (Interactive Python) is a command shell for interactive computing in multiple programming languages, originally developed for the Python programming language, that offers introspection, rich media, shell syntax, tab completion, and history. IPython provides the following features:
IPython is a NumFOCUS fiscally sponsored project.[3]
IPython is based on an architecture that provides parallel and distributed computing. IPython enables parallel applications to be developed, executed, debugged and monitored interactively, hence the I (Interactive) in IPython.[4] This architecture abstracts out parallelism, enabling IPython to support many different styles of parallelism[5] including:
With the release of IPython 4.0, the parallel computing capabilities were made optional and released under the ipyparallel python package. And most of the capabilities of ipyparallel are now covered by more mature libraries like Dask.
IPython frequently draws from SciPy stack[6] libraries like NumPy and SciPy, often installed alongside one of many Scientific Python distributions.[6] IPython provides integration with some libraries of the SciPy stack, notably matplotlib, producing inline graphs when used with the Jupyter notebook. Python libraries can implement IPython specific hooks to customize rich object display. SymPy for example implements rendering of mathematical expressions as rendered LaTeX when used within IPython context, and Pandas dataframe use an HTML representation.[7]
IPython allows non-blocking interaction with Tkinter, PyGTK, PyQt/PySide and wxPython (the standard Python shell only allows interaction with Tkinter). IPython can interactively manage parallel computing clusters using asynchronous status callbacks and/or MPI. IPython can also be used as a system shell replacement.[8] Its default behavior is largely similar to Unix shells, but it allows customization and the flexibility of executing code in a live Python environment.
IPython 5.x (Long Time Support) series is the last version of IPython to support Python 2. The IPython project pledged to not support Python 2 beyond 2020[9] by being one of the first projects to join the Python 3 Statement, the 6.x series is only compatible with Python 3 and above. It is still possible though to run an IPython kernel and a Jupyter Notebook server on different Python versions allowing users to still access Python 2 on newer version of Jupyter.
 | This section may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing it from being verifiable and neutral. (October 2016) |
In 2014, IPython creator Fernando Pérez announced a spin-off project from IPython called Project Jupyter.[10] IPython continued to exist as a Python shell and kernel for Jupyter, but the notebook interface and other language-agnostic parts of IPython were moved under the Jupyter name.[11][12] Jupyter is language agnostic and its name is a reference to core programming languages supported by Jupyter, which are Julia, Python, and R.[13]
Jupyter Notebook (formerly IPython Notebook) is a web-based interactive computational environment for creating, executing, and visualizing Jupyter notebooks. It is similar to the notebook interface of other programs such as Maple, Mathematica, and SageMath, a computational interface style that originated with Mathematica in the 1980s.[14] It supports execution environments (a.k.a. kernels) in dozens of languages. By default Jupyter Notebook ships with the IPython kernel, but there are over 100 Jupyter kernels as of May 2018.
IPython has been mentioned in the popular computing press and other popular media,[15][14] and it has a presence at scientific conferences.[16] For scientific and engineering work, it is often presented as a companion tool to matplotlib.[17]
Beginning 1 January 2013, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation announced that it would support IPython development for two years.[18]
On 23 March 2013, Fernando Perez was awarded the Free Software Foundation Advancement of Free Software award for IPython.
In August 2013, Microsoft made a donation of $100,000 to sponsor IPython's continued development.[19]
In January 2014, it won the Jolt Productivity Award[20] from Dr. Dobb's in the category of coding tools. In July 2015, the project won a funding of $6 million from Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust.[21]
In May 2018, it was awarded the 2017 ACM Software System Award.[22] It is the largest team to have won the award.[23]
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
IPython (Interactive Python) is a command shell for interactive computing in multiple programming languages, originally developed for the Python programming language, that offers introspection, rich media, shell syntax, tab completion, and history. IPython provides the following features: Interactive shells (terminal and Qt-based). A browser-based notebook interface with support for code, text, mathematical expressions, inline plots and other media. Support for interactive data visualization and use of GUI toolkits. Flexible, embeddable interpreters to load into one's own projects. Tools for parallel computing. IPython is a NumFOCUS fiscally sponsored project.
SpeedTree is a group of vegetation programming and modeling software products developed and sold by Unity Technologies, and originally by Interactive Data Visualization, Inc. (IDV), that generates virtual foliage for animations, architecture and in real time for video games and demanding real time simulations. SpeedTree has been licensed to developers of a range of video games for Microsoft Windows, and the Xbox and PlayStation console series since 2002. SpeedTree Cinema has been used in more than 40 major films since its release in 2009, including Iron Man 3, Star Trek Into Darkness, Life of Pi and Birdman, and was used to generate the lush vegetation of Pandora, in Avatar. SpeedTree was awarded a Scientific and Technical Academy Award in 2015, presented to IDV founders Michael Sechrest and Chris King, and Senior Engineer Greg Croft.
Eye-Sys (pronounced like “Isis”) is a general-purpose commercial visualization application. It was developed by Interactive Data Visualization, Inc. (IDV), developers of the SpeedTree video game middleware. Eye-Sys development was partially funded by the U.S. Navy's Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, and guided and administered by the Joint Warfare Analysis Center (JWAC). Prior to commercial release, Lockheed Martin selected Eye-Sys for use in their performance of DARPA's Integrated Crisis Early Warning System (ICEWS) project. Other pre-release uses included visualizations for MIT and the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC). Eye-Sys was released commercially in November 2007.
Tableau Software, LLC is an American interactive data visualization software company focused on business intelligence. It was founded in 2003 in Mountain View, California, and is headquartered in Seattle, Washington. The company's founders, Christian Chabot, Pat Hanrahan and Chris Stolte, were researchers at the Department of Computer Science at Stanford University. They specialized in visualization techniques for exploring and analyzing relational databases and data cubes, and started the company as a commercial outlet for research at Stanford from 1999 to 2002. In 2019, the company was acquired by Salesforce for $15.7 billion. At the time, this was the largest acquisition by Salesforce since its foundation. Tableau products query relational databases, online analytical processing cubes, cloud databases, and spreadsheets to generate graph-type data visualizations. The software can also extract, store, and retrieve data from an in-memory data engine.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Madam C.J. Walker
