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The MOVE Fire

This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985 Philadelphia police fired thousands of rounds at the MOVE house, city officials approved dropping an explosive device on the roof, the resulting fire was allowed to burn, 11 people—including five children—died, and 61 homes were destroyed. Philadelphia City Council later called it a “brutal attack carried out by the City of Philadelphia on its own citizens” and acknowledged that no individual faced criminal consequences for the bombing. One timeline correction worth preserving for the BHP record: the major previous MOVE-police confrontation was August 8, 1978, about seven years before the bombing, not a year or two earlier. Officer James Ramp was killed, other police and firefighters were wounded, nine MOVE members were later convicted, and television cameras recorded police beating Delbert Africa during his arrest. The 1985 MOVE Commission later specifically criticized city planners for failing to adequately use lessons from that 1978 confrontation. And that actually strengthens the point you’re making: 1985 did not happen without precedent or institutional memory. There had already been a deadly confrontation with MOVE, years of conflict, negotiations and police involvement before Osage Avenue.

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The Violence That Helped Spark the NAACP

In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.

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Wikipedia

Intestinal ischemia

Intestinal ischemia
Other namesBowel ischemia
Computed tomography (CT) showing dilated loops of small bowel with thickened walls (black arrow), findings characteristic of ischemic bowel due to thrombosis of the superior mesenteric vein.
SpecialtyGeneral surgery, vascular surgery, gastroenterology
SymptomsAcute: sudden severe pain[1]
Chronic: abdominal pain after eating, unintentional weight loss, vomiting[2][1]
Usual onset> 60 years old[3]
TypesAcute, chronic[1]
Risk factorsAtrial fibrillation, heart failure, chronic kidney failure, being prone to forming blood clots, previous myocardial infarction[2]
Diagnostic methodAngiography, computed tomography[1]
TreatmentStenting, medications to break down clot, surgery[1][2]
Prognosis~80% risk of death[3]
FrequencyAcute: 5 per 100,000 per year (developed world)[4]
Chronic: 1 per 100,000[5]

Intestinal ischemia is a medical condition in which injury to the large or small intestine occurs due to inadequate blood supply.[2] Onset can be sudden, known as acute intestinal ischemia, or gradual, known as chronic intestinal ischemia.[1] The acute form of the disease often presents with sudden severe abdominal pain and is associated with a high risk of death.[1] The chronic form typically presents more gradually with abdominal pain after eating, unintentional weight loss, vomiting, and fear of eating.[1][2]

Risk factors for acute intestinal ischemia include atrial fibrillation, heart failure, chronic kidney failure, being prone to forming blood clots, and previous myocardial infarction.[2] There are four mechanisms by which poor blood flow occurs: a blood clot from elsewhere getting lodged in an artery, a new blood clot forming in an artery, a blood clot forming in the superior mesenteric vein, and insufficient blood flow due to low blood pressure or spasms of arteries.[3][6] Chronic disease is a risk factor for acute disease.[7] The best method of diagnosis is angiography, with computed tomography (CT) used when that is not available.[1]

Treatment of acute ischemia may include stenting or medications to break down the clot provided at the site of obstruction by interventional radiology.[1] Open surgery may also be used to remove or bypass the obstruction and may be required to remove any intestines that may have died.[2] If not rapidly treated outcomes are often poor.[1] Among those affected even with treatment the risk of death is 70% to 90%.[3] In those with chronic disease bypass surgery is the treatment of choice.[1] Those who have thrombosis of the vein may be treated with anticoagulation such as heparin and warfarin, with surgery used if they do not improve.[2][8]

Acute intestinal ischemia affects about five per hundred thousand people per year in the developed world.[4] Chronic intestinal ischemia affects about one per hundred thousand people.[5] Most people affected are over 60 years old.[3] Rates are about equal in males and females of the same age.[3] Intestinal ischemia was first described in 1895.[1]

Signs and symptoms

[edit]

While not always present and often overlapping, three progressive phases of intestinal ischemia have been described:[9][10]

  • A hyperactive stage occurs first, in which the primary symptoms are severe abdominal pain and the passage of bloody stools. Many patients get better and do not progress beyond this phase.
  • A paralytic phase can follow if ischemia continues; in this phase, the abdominal pain becomes more widespread, the belly becomes more tender to the touch, and bowel motility decreases, resulting in abdominal bloating, no further bloody stools, and absent bowel sounds on exam.
  • Finally, a shock phase can develop as fluids start to leak through the damaged colon lining. This can result in shock and metabolic acidosis with dehydration, low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, and confusion. Patients who progress to this phase are often critically ill and require intensive care.

Clinical findings

[edit]

Symptoms of intestinal ischemia vary and can be acute (especially if embolic),[11] subacute, or chronic.[12]

Case series report prevalence of clinical findings and provide the best available, yet biased, estimate of the sensitivity of clinical findings.[13][14] In a series of 58 patients with intestinal ischemia due to mixed causes:[14]

Diagnostic heuristics

[edit]

In the absence of adequate quantitative studies to guide diagnosis, various heuristics help guide diagnosis:

  • Intestinal ischemia "should be suspected when individuals, especially those at high risk for acute intestinal ischemia, develop severe and persisting abdominal pain that is disproportionate to their abdominal findings",[15] or simply, pain out of proportion to exam.
  • Regarding intestinal arterial thrombosis or embolism: "early symptoms are present and are relatively mild in 50% of cases for three to four days before medical attention is sought".[16]
  • Regarding intestinal arterial thrombosis or embolism: "Any patient with an arrhythmia such as atrial fibrillation who complains of abdominal pain is highly suspected of having embolization of the superior mesenteric artery until proven otherwise."[16]
  • Regarding nonocclusive intestinal ischemia: "Any patient who takes digitalis and diuretics and who complains of abdominal pain must be considered to have nonocclusive ischemia until proven otherwise."[16]

Diagnosis

[edit]

It is difficult to diagnose intestinal ischemia early.[17]

Blood tests

[edit]

In a series of 58 patients with intestinal ischemia due to mixed causes:[14]

  • White blood cell count >10.5 in 98% (probably an overestimate as only tested in 81% of patients)
  • Lactic acid elevated 91% (probably an overestimate as only tested in 57% of patients)

In very early or very extensive acute intestinal ischemia, elevated lactate and white blood cell count may not yet be present. In extensive mesenteric ischemia, bowel may be ischemic but separated from the blood flow such that the byproducts of ischemia are not yet circulating.[18]

During endoscopy

[edit]

A number of devices have been used to assess the sufficiency of oxygen delivery to the colon. The earliest devices were based on tonometry, and required time to equilibrate and estimate the pHi, roughly an estimate of local CO2 levels. The first device approved by the U.S. FDA (in 2004) used visible light spectroscopy to analyze capillary oxygen levels. Use during aortic aneurysm repair detected when colon oxygen levels fell below sustainable levels, allowing real-time repair. In several studies, specificity has been 83% for chronic intestinal ischemia and 90% or higher for acute colonic ischemia, with a sensitivity of 71–92%. This device must be placed using endoscopy, however.[19][20][21]

Findings on gastroscopy may include edematous gastric mucosa,[22] and hyperperistalsis.[23]

Finding on colonoscopy may include: fragile mucosa,[24] segmental erythema,[25] longitudinal ulcer,[26] and loss of haustrations.[27]

Plain X-ray

[edit]

Plain X-rays are often normal or show non-specific findings.[28]

Computed tomography

[edit]
CT image showing mesenteric ischemia with pneumatosis intestinalis and gas in mesenterial and liver veins

Computed tomography (CT scan) is often used.[29][30] The accuracy of the CT scan depends on whether a small bowel obstruction (SBO) is present.[31]

SBO absent

SBO present

Early findings on CT scan include:

  • Intestinal mesenteric edema[29]
  • Bowel dilatation[29]
  • Bowel wall thickening[29]
  • Intestinal mesenteric stranding[32]
  • Evidence of adjacent solid organ infarctions to the kidney or spleen, consistent with a cardiac embolic shower phenomenon

In embolic acute intestinal ischemia, CT-Angiography can be of great value for diagnosis and treatment. It may reveal the emboli itself lodged in the superior mesenteric artery, as well as the presence or absence of distal mesenteric branches.[18]

Late findings, which indicate dead bowel, include:

Angiography

[edit]

As the cause of the ischemia can be due to embolic or thrombotic occlusion of the mesenteric vessels or nonocclusive ischemia, the best way to differentiate between the etiologies is through the use of mesenteric angiography. Though it has serious risks, angiography provides the possibility of direct infusion of vasodilators in the setting of nonocclusive ischemia.[33]

Treatment

[edit]

The treatment of intestinal ischemia depends on the cause and can be medical or surgical. However, if bowel has become necrotic, the only treatment is surgical removal of the dead segments of bowel.[34]

In non-occlusive disease, where there is no blockage of the arteries supplying the bowel, the treatment is medical rather than surgical. People are admitted to the hospital for resuscitation with intravenous fluids, careful monitoring of laboratory tests, and optimization of their cardiovascular function. NG tube decompression and heparin anticoagulation may also be used to limit stress on the bowel and optimize perfusion, respectively.[citation needed]

Surgical revascularisation remains the treatment of choice for intestinal ischaemia related to an occlusion of the vessels supplying the bowel, but thrombolytic medical treatment and vascular interventional radiological techniques have a growing role.[35]

If the ischemia has progressed to the point that the affected intestinal segments are gangrenous, a bowel resection of those segments is called for. Often, obviously dead segments are removed at the first operation, and a second-look operation is planned to assess segments that are borderline that may be savable after revascularization.[36]

Methods for revascularization

[edit]
  • Open surgical thrombectomy
  • Intestinal bypass
  • Trans-femoral antegrade intestinal angioplasty and stenting
  • Open retrograde intestinal angioplasty stenting
  • Trans-catheter thrombolysis[18]

Prognosis

[edit]

The prognosis depends on prompt diagnosis (less than 12–24 hours and before gangrene)[37] and the underlying cause:[38]

  • venous thrombosis: 32% mortality
  • arterial embolism: 54% mortality
  • arterial thrombosis: 77% mortality
  • non-occlusive ischemia: 73% mortality.

In the case of prompt diagnosis and therapy, acute intestinal ischemia can be reversible.[39]

History

[edit]

Acute intestinal ischemia was first described in 1895, while chronic disease was first described in the 1940s.[1] Chronic disease was initially known as angina abdominis.[1]

Terminology

[edit]

The related term mesenteric ischemia or small intestine ischemia generally defined as ischemia of the small bowel specifically.[40] It has also been defined as poor circulation in the vessels supplying blood flow to any or several of the mesenteric organs, including the stomach, liver, colon and intestine. The terms colonic ischemia, large intestine ischemia, or ischemic colitis refers to ischemia of the large bowel.[41][42]

In the large intestine

[edit]
Main article: Ischemic colitis

Ischemia of the large intestine (colon) is termed ischemic colitis. Although uncommon in the general population, ischemic colitis occurs with greater frequency in the elderly, and is the most common form of bowel ischemia.[43][44][45] Causes of the reduced blood flow can include changes in the systemic circulation (e.g. low blood pressure), or local factors such as constriction of blood vessels or a blood clot. In most cases, no specific cause can be identified.[46]

Ischemic colitis is usually suspected on the basis of the clinical setting, physical examination, and laboratory test results; the diagnosis can be confirmed by endoscopy or by using sigmoid or endoscopic placement of a visible light spectroscopic catheter (see Diagnosis). Ischemic colitis can span a wide spectrum of severity; most patients are treated supportively and recover fully, while a minority with very severe ischemia may develop sepsis and become critically,[47] sometimes even fatally, ill.[48]

Patients with mild to moderate ischemic colitis are usually treated with IV fluids, analgesia, and bowel rest (that is, no food or water by mouth) until the symptoms resolve. Those with severe ischemia who develop complications such as sepsis, intestinal gangrene, or bowel perforation may require more aggressive interventions, such as surgery and intensive care. Most patients make a full recovery; occasionally, after severe ischemia, patients may develop long-term complications such as a stricture[49] or chronic colitis.[50]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Bobadilla, JL (August 2013). "Mesenteric ischemia". The Surgical Clinics of North America. 93 (4): 925–40, ix. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2013.04.002. PMID 23885938.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Yelon, Jay A. (2014). Geriatric Trauma and Critical Care (Aufl. 2014 ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. p. 182. ISBN 9781461485018. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Britt, L.D. (2012). Acute care surgery (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 621. ISBN 9781608314287. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  4. ^ a b Geoffrey D. Rubin (2012). CT and MR Angiography: Comprehensive Vascular Assessment. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 318. ISBN 9781469801834. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  5. ^ a b Gustavo S. Oderich (2014). Mesenteric Vascular Disease: Current Therapy. Springer. p. 105. ISBN 9781493918478. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  6. ^ Creager, Mark A. (2013). Vascular medicine : a companion to Braunwald's heart disease (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 323–324. ISBN 9781437729306. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  7. ^ Sreenarasimhaiah, J (April 2005). "Chronic mesenteric ischemia". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 19 (2): 283–95. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2004.11.002. PMID 15833694.
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  21. ^ Lee ES, Pevec WC, Link DP, et al. (2008). "Use of T-stat to Predict Colonic Ischemia during and after Endovascular Aneurysm Repair: A case report". J Vasc Surg. 47 (3): 632–634. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2007.09.037. PMC 2707776. PMID 18295116.
  22. ^ Clair, Daniel G.; Beach, Jocelyn M. (2016-03-10). Campion, Edward W. (ed.). "Mesenteric Ischemia". New England Journal of Medicine. 374 (10): 959–968. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1503884. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 26962730. S2CID 3952010.
  23. ^ Hauser, Stephen C.; Pardi, Darrell S.; Poterucha, John J.; Mayo Clinic (2008). Mayo Clinic gastroenterology and hepatology board review (3rd ed.). Rochester [Minn.]: Mayo Clinic Scientific Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-9224-0. OCLC 285067394.
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  27. ^ Townsend, Courtney M.; Beauchamp, R. Daniel; Evers, B. Mark; Mattox, Kenneth L. (2017). Sabiston textbook of surgery: the biological basis of modern surgical practice (20th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 978-0-323-29987-9. OCLC 921338900.
  28. ^ Smerud M, Johnson C, Stephens D (1990). "Diagnosis of bowel infarction: a comparison of plain films and CT scans in 23 cases". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 154 (1): 99–103. doi:10.2214/ajr.154.1.2104734. PMID 2104734.
  29. ^ a b c d e Alpern M, Glazer G, Francis I (1988). "Ischemic or infarcted bowel: CT findings". Radiology. 166 (1 Pt 1): 149–52. doi:10.1148/radiology.166.1.3336673. PMID 3336673.
  30. ^ Taourel P, Deneuville M, Pradel J, Régent D, Bruel J (1996). "Acute mesenteric ischemia: diagnosis with contrast-enhanced CT" (PDF). Radiology. 199 (3): 632–6. doi:10.1148/radiology.199.3.8637978. PMID 8637978. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
  31. ^ Staunton M, Malone DE (2005). "Can acute mesenteric ischemia be ruled out using computed tomography? Critically appraised topic |". Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal. 56 (1): 9–12. PMID 15835585.
  32. ^ Pereira JM, Sirlin CB, Pinto PS, Jeffrey RB, Stella DL, Casola G (2004). "Disproportionate fat stranding: a helpful CT sign in patients with acute abdominal pain". Radiographics. 24 (3): 703–15. doi:10.1148/rg.243035084. PMID 15143223.
  33. ^ Kao, Lillian S., and Tammy Lee. PreTest Surgery: PreTest Self-assessment and Review. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical, 2009.
  34. ^ "Intestinal Ischemia". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  35. ^ Sreenarasimhaiah J (2003). "Diagnosis and management of intestinal ischaemic disorders". BMJ. 326 (7403): 1372–6. doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7403.1372. PMC 1126251. PMID 12816826.
  36. ^ Meng, X; Liu, L; Jiang, H (August 2010). "Indications and procedures for second-look surgery in acute mesenteric ischemia". Surgery Today. 40 (8): 700–5. doi:10.1007/s00595-009-4140-4. PMID 20676851. S2CID 9926212.
  37. ^ Brandt, LJ; Boley, SJ (May 2000). "AGA technical review on intestinal ischemia. American Gastrointestinal Association". Gastroenterology. 118 (5): 954–968. doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(00)70183-1. PMID 10784596.
  38. ^ Schoots IG, Koffeman GI, Legemate DA, Levi M, van Gulik TM (2004). "Systematic review of survival after acute mesenteric ischaemia according to disease aetiology". The British Journal of Surgery. 91 (1): 17–27. doi:10.1002/bjs.4459. PMID 14716789. S2CID 23812099.
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  40. ^ "Mesenteric ischemia". Mayo Clinic. 2019-04-24.
  41. ^ Dr. Rabih A. Chaer. "Mesenteric Ischemia". Society for Vascular Surgery.
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  45. ^ American Gastroenterological Association (2000). "American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement: guidelines on intestinal ischemia". Gastroenterology. 118 (5): 951–3. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70182-X. PMID 10784595. http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?ss=15&doc_id=3069&nbr=2295 Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
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[edit]

Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.

Wikipedia

Intestinal ischemia

Intestinal ischemia is a medical condition in which injury to the large or small intestine occurs due to inadequate blood supply. Onset can be sudden, known as acute intestinal ischemia, or gradual, known as chronic intestinal ischemia. The acute form of the disease often presents with sudden severe abdominal pain and is associated with a high risk of death. The chronic form typically presents more gradually with abdominal pain after eating, unintentional weight loss, vomiting, and fear of eating. Risk factors for acute intestinal ischemia include atrial fibrillation, heart failure, chronic kidney failure, being prone to forming blood clots, and previous myocardial infarction. There are four mechanisms by which poor blood flow occurs: a blood clot from elsewhere getting lodged in an artery, a new blood clot forming in an artery, a blood clot forming in the superior mesenteric vein, and insufficient blood flow due to low blood pressure or spasms of arteries. Chronic disease is a risk factor for acute disease. The best method of diagnosis is angiography, with computed tomography (CT) used when that is not available. Treatment of acute ischemia may include stenting or medications to break down the clot provided at the site of obstruction by interventional radiology. Open surgery may also be used to remove or bypass the obstruction and may be required to remove any intestines that may have died. If not rapidly treated outcomes are often poor. Among those affected even with treatment the risk of death is 70% to 90%. In those with chronic disease bypass surgery is the treatment of choice. Those who have thrombosis of the vein may be treated with anticoagulation such as heparin and warfarin, with surgery used if they do not improve. Acute intestinal ischemia affects about five per hundred thousand people per year in the developed world. Chronic intestinal ischemia affects about one per hundred thousand people. Most people affected are over 60 years old. Rates are about equal in males and females of the same age. Intestinal ischemia was first described in 1895.

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Wikipedia

Intestinal malrotation

Intestinal malrotation is a congenital anomaly of rotation of the midgut. It occurs during the first trimester as the fetal gut undergoes a complex series of growth and development. Malrotation can lead to a dangerous complication called volvulus, in which cases emergency surgery is indicated. Malrotation can refer to a spectrum of abnormal intestinal positioning, often including: The small intestine found predominantly on the right side of the abdomen The cecum displaced from its usual position in the right lower quadrant into the epigastrium or right hypochondrium An absent or displaced ligament of Treitz Fibrous peritoneal bands called bands of Ladd running across the vertical portion of the duodenum An unusually narrow, stalk-like mesentery The position of the intestines, narrow mesentery and Ladd's bands can contribute to several severe gastrointestinal conditions. The narrow mesentery predisposes some cases of malrotation to midgut volvulus, a twisting of the entire small bowel that can obstruct the mesenteric blood vessels leading to intestinal ischemia, necrosis, and death if not promptly treated. The fibrous Ladd's bands can constrict the duodenum, leading to intestinal obstruction.

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Wikipedia

Thumbprint sign

In radiology, the thumbprint sign, or thumbprinting, is a radiologic sign found on a radiograph that suggests the diagnosis of either epiglottitis or intestinal ischemia. In a lateral C-spine radiograph, the sign is caused by a thickened free edge of the epiglottis, which causes it to appear more radiopaque than normal, resembling the distal thumb. In an abdominal radiography, thumbprinting has an appearance of thumbs protruding into the intestinal lumen, and is caused by thickened edematous mucosal folds. Abdominal thumbprinting is a non-specific finding, though one potential cause is intestinal ischemia.

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Wikipedia

Bowel obstruction

Bowel obstruction, also known as intestinal obstruction, is a mechanical or functional obstruction of the intestines that prevents the normal movement of the products of digestion. Either the small bowel or large bowel may be affected. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, vomiting, bloating and not passing gas. Mechanical obstruction is the cause of about 5 to 15% of cases of severe abdominal pain of sudden onset requiring admission to hospital. Causes of bowel obstruction include adhesions, hernias, volvulus, endometriosis, inflammatory bowel disease, appendicitis, tumors, diverticulitis, ischemic bowel, tuberculosis and intussusception. Small bowel obstructions are most often due to adhesions and hernias, while large bowel obstructions are most often due to tumors and volvulus. The diagnosis may be made on plain X-rays; however, CT scan is more accurate. Ultrasound or MRI may help in the diagnosis of children or pregnant women. The condition may be treated conservatively or with surgery. Typically intravenous fluids are given, a nasogastric (NG) tube is placed through the nose into the stomach to decompress the intestines, and pain medications are given. Antibiotics are often given. In small bowel obstruction about 25% require surgery. Complications may include sepsis, bowel ischemia and bowel perforation. About 3.2 million cases of bowel obstruction occurred in 2015, which resulted in 264,000 deaths. Both sexes are equally affected and the condition can occur at any age. Bowel obstruction has been documented throughout history, with cases detailed in the Ebers Papyrus of 1550 BC and by Hippocrates.

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TOPIC OF THE DAY

Greenwood / Black Wall Street

Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.

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TRIVIA QUESTION OF THE DAY

Who became the first Black woman to travel into space?

Mae Jemison, aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992.