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In 1968 Shirley Chisholm became the first Black woman elected to the United States Congress. In 1972 she launched a campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination, breaking another political barrier.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| Julang-2 (JL-2) | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type | SLBM |
| Place of origin | People's Republic of China |
| Service history | |
| In service | Active as of 2015[1] |
| Used by | People's Liberation Army Navy |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 42,000 kilograms (93,000 lb)[2] |
| Length | 13 metres (43 ft)[2] |
| Warhead | single or 3-8 MIRV nuclear warhead |
| Blast yield | 1 megaton of TNT (4.2 PJ) single, 20/90/150kt |
| Propellant | Solid-fuel rocket |
Operational range | 3,900 nmi (7,200 km) |
Guidance system | Astro-inertial[3] with satellite-based updates[2] |
Launch platform | Type 094 submarine |
The JL-2 (Chinese: 巨浪-2; pinyin: Jù Làng Èr; lit. 'Giant Wave 2', NATO reporting name CSS-N-14) is a Chinese second-generation intercontinental-range submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) deployed on the People's Liberation Army Navy's (PLAN) Type 094 submarines.
The JL-2 provides China with its first viable sea-based nuclear deterrent.[4]
The JL-2 was developed as part of a larger program to replace the liquid-fuelled ballistic missiles developed from 1965 with solid-fuelled missiles.[5] The JL-2 was the SLBM variant of the land-based DF-31. Development of both missiles began in the mid-1980s,[6] with the SLBM having less priority.[7] The first JL-2 at-sea launch occurred in 2001 from a Type 031 submarine.[8][7] The missile suffered a series of testing failures. A successful test cycle was achieved in 2012.[6]
During the development of the missile, it was reported that China was considering modifying the missile to accommodate an anti-satellite warhead to give it a sea-based anti-satellite capability.[9]
Type 094 deterrence patrols with JL-2 missiles began in December 2015.[1] Each submarine may carry 12 missiles.[4]
The JL-2 is a three-stage, solid-fueled missile,[10] with a maximum range of 3,900 nmi (7,200 km).[4] It carries a single[11] 1 megaton warhead.[3] According to the Center for Strategic and International Studies, the missile may carry 3-8 MIRVs with yields of 20, 90, or 150 kilotons.[2]
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
The JL-2 (Chinese: 巨浪-2; pinyin: Jù Làng Èr; lit. 'Giant Wave 2', NATO reporting name CSS-N-14) is a Chinese second-generation intercontinental-range submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) deployed on the People's Liberation Army Navy's (PLAN) Type 094 submarines. The JL-2 provides China with its first viable sea-based nuclear deterrent.
The Langlois JL.2 was a three-winged agricultural aircraft built in France in 1979. It failed to sell and only one was built.
The Dong Feng 31 (simplified Chinese: 东风-31; traditional Chinese: 東風-31; lit. 'East Wind-31'; NATO reporting name CSS-10) is a third-generation, long-range, road-mobile, intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). Developed by the People's Republic of China (PRC) and operated by the People's Liberation Army Rocket Force (PLARF), this three-stage, solid-fuel missile in the Dongfeng missile series is designed to carry a single 425-kiloton thermonuclear weapon. It is a land-based variant of the JL-2, a submarine-launched ballistic missile. In 2009, the Chinese inventory was estimated at fewer than 15 DF-31 missiles and fewer than 15 DF-31A missiles. The National Air and Space Intelligence Center (NASIC) estimated that, as of June 2017, five to ten Mod 1 and over fifteen Mod 2 launchers were operationally deployed.
The JL-10A airborne radar is a highly digitized pulse-Doppler radar with slotted planar array developed for the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) as a replacement for the older Type 232H radar employed by the Chinese air force. The radar is built to MIL-STD-1553 standard so it is compatible with western electronics and weaponry. Originally, the radar is capable of simultaneously tracking 10 targets (later to be upgraded to 15) and engaging 2 (later to be upgraded to 6) of the 10 tracked when using semi-active radar homing air-to-air missiles, or 4 of the 10 tracked when using active radar homing air-to-air missiles. Although the radar has the terrain following and terrain avoidance capabilities, they are rarely used, instead, it is compatible with navigational pods such as the Chinese Blue Sky low altitude navigation pod that enable the aircraft to have these two capabilities. The reason for using navigational pod with terrain following / avoidance radar in conjunction with JL-10A is to have a dedicated terrain following / avoidance mode purely for low level flight, while the fire control modes are continuous and separated from navigational modes such terrain following /avoidance, so that JL-10A would constantly stay at fire control modes instead of switching between terrain following / avoidance modes and other modes of operation. Unlike the much more advanced electronically scanned phased array airborne radars with each scan lasts only milliseconds, the JL-10A is a slotted planar array radar with each scan last from several seconds to a dozen seconds or greater, switching between different operational modes would take too long and thus deemed unacceptable under intense combat situations, so it would be far better to stay in the same operational mode to avoid any interruption under these situations. Reportedly, the terrain following / avoidance technology of JL-10A was developed from those originally obtained from captured terrain following radars from downed A-6 Intruders and General Dynamics F-111s during the Vietnam War. In 2001, JL-10A achieved a 32:1 DBS (Doppler beam sharpening) capability, but it still lagged behind the 48:1 DBS capability of AN/APG-66, and it was not several years later when the JL-10A was finally upgraded with 64:1 DBS capability like that of AN/APG-68. Around the same time, JL-10A was also upgraded with the capability to simultaneously track 15 targets and engage 6 of the 15 tracked targets. By 2004, SAR capability was incorporated, and inverse SAR (ISAR) capability is reportedly under development. The radar has been tested and installed on JH-7A Flying Leopard fighter-bombers and is capable of launching a scope of weapons including the C-802 anti-ship missile and the Russian Kh-31. Specification: Frequency: X band Maximum detection range: 104 km Maximum look-up tracking range: 80 km Maximum look-down tracking range: 54 km Maximum look-up engagement range: 40 km Maximum look-down engagement range: 32 km Total modes of operation: 11 Sector of scan: +/- 60 degrees Maximum targets tracked: 15 Maximum targets engaged: 6 Developer: CLETRI (607th Institute)
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Madam C.J. Walker