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Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
In 1968 Shirley Chisholm became the first Black woman elected to the United States Congress. In 1972 she launched a campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination, breaking another political barrier.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
Digital Signature Services (DSS) is an OASIS standard.
As part of a Technical Committee (TC), specialising in “signature services”, a “Core” specification was created by the international standardization organization OASIS in 2007. This standard defines the basic functionality for the creation (SignRequest /-Response) and validation (VerifyRequest /-Response) of CMS- and XMLDSig-compliant signatures. Due to the wide range of requirements from the various application areas of signatures and time-stamps, the core specification has been extended by a series of so-called “profiles”, e.g. for use with code signing, entity seals or processing XAdES- and CAdES-compliant artifacts. In the following years further profiles were developed, e.g. for detailed signature verification reports and for signature creation devices not located within the server instance.
Based on this previous work, the challenges of a new “API-Ecosystem” were addressed in the OASIS Digital Signature Services eXtended (DSS-X) TC with version 2.0 of the Core, which also separates the semantics of the interface from the concrete implementation using a specific syntax. In addition to the XML syntax adopted from version 1, JSON, which is often used in modern web applications, is now also supported. Additional syntaxes could be defined, if required. For example, an ASN.1 based syntax would be conceivable to enable a particularly compact format for mobile and embedded applications with the “Packed Encoding Rules” (PER). To ensure the highest possible visibility and acceptance of the standard, the DSS-X Technical Committee, in collaboration with the OASIS Infrastructure team, has started to provide the interface on the „SwaggerHub“ collaboration platform. For this purpose, the JSON schema is extended by a series of meta-information to comply with the OpenAPI specification.
The profiles, recently created by ETSI and currently at OASIS, enable the specific characteristics of the AdES signature formats in combination with local and remote eIDAS-compliant signature created devices via the DSS-X interface. The additional attributes of the signatures (e.g., the embedded certificate status information, time-stamps or evidence records) allow a wide applicability of this format. Since the initial standardisation, the associated interface extensions for the XAdES and CAdES formats are defined by the “AdES-Profile”. As part of version 2.0, the AdES-Profile is currently updated to support the latest developments related to the AdES formats. In particular, the PAdES format based on the PDF specification is also supported in accordance with ETSI EN 319 142-1. With this PAdES format multiple signatures in a workflow and the visual representation of an electronic signature in a PDF document can be realised.
For use within the eIDAS environment, the support of so-called “policies” by the DSS-X specification proves to be valuable. This allows the caller to submit a “policy” to the service, required for the desired action. The addressed server instance decides whether it can meet the required quality level or whether the request must be rejected. If the request is processed, the applied “policy” can be transferred to the caller within the response structure. This ensures that a consensus has been reached on the minimum quality level to be applied.
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Digital Signature Services (DSS) is an OASIS standard. As part of a Technical Committee (TC), specialising in “signature services”, a “Core” specification was created by the international standardization organization OASIS in 2007. This standard defines the basic functionality for the creation (SignRequest /-Response) and validation (VerifyRequest /-Response) of CMS- and XMLDSig-compliant signatures. Due to the wide range of requirements from the various application areas of signatures and time-stamps, the core specification has been extended by a series of so-called “profiles”, e.g. for use with code signing, entity seals or processing XAdES- and CAdES-compliant artifacts. In the following years further profiles were developed, e.g. for detailed signature verification reports and for signature creation devices not located within the server instance. Based on this previous work, the challenges of a new “API-Ecosystem” were addressed in the OASIS Digital Signature Services eXtended (DSS-X) TC with version 2.0 of the Core, which also separates the semantics of the interface from the concrete implementation using a specific syntax. In addition to the XML syntax adopted from version 1, JSON, which is often used in modern web applications, is now also supported. Additional syntaxes could be defined, if required. For example, an ASN.1 based syntax would be conceivable to enable a particularly compact format for mobile and embedded applications with the “Packed Encoding Rules” (PER). To ensure the highest possible visibility and acceptance of the standard, the DSS-X Technical Committee, in collaboration with the OASIS Infrastructure team, has started to provide the interface on the „SwaggerHub“ collaboration platform. For this purpose, the JSON schema is extended by a series of meta-information to comply with the OpenAPI specification. The profiles, recently created by ETSI and currently at OASIS, enable the specific characteristics of the AdES signature formats in combination with local and remote eIDAS-compliant signature created devices via the DSS-X interface. The additional attributes of the signatures (e.g., the embedded certificate status information, time-stamps or evidence records) allow a wide applicability of this format. Since the initial standardisation, the associated interface extensions for the XAdES and CAdES formats are defined by the “AdES-Profile”. As part of version 2.0, the AdES-Profile is currently updated to support the latest developments related to the AdES formats. In particular, the PAdES format based on the PDF specification is also supported in accordance with ETSI EN 319 142-1. With this PAdES format multiple signatures in a workflow and the visual representation of an electronic signature in a PDF document can be realised. For use within the eIDAS environment, the support of so-called “policies” by the DSS-X specification proves to be valuable. This allows the caller to submit a “policy” to the service, required for the desired action. The addressed server instance decides whether it can meet the required quality level or whether the request must be rejected. If the request is processed, the applied “policy” can be transferred to the caller within the response structure. This ensures that a consensus has been reached on the minimum quality level to be applied.
Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language and file format for storing, transmitting, and reconstructing data. It defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. The World Wide Web Consortium's XML 1.0 Specification of 1998 and several other related specifications—all of them free open standards—define XML. The design goals of XML emphasize simplicity, generality, and usability across the Internet. It is a textual data format with strong support via Unicode for different human languages. Although the design of XML focuses on documents, the language is widely used for the representation of arbitrary data structures, such as those used in web services. Several schema systems exist to aid in the definition of XML-based languages, while programmers have developed many application programming interfaces (APIs) to aid the processing of XML data.
The eXtensible Access Control Markup Language (XACML) is an XML-based standard markup language for specifying access control policies. The standard, published by OASIS, defines a declarative, fine-grained, attribute-based access control policy language, an architecture, and a processing model describing how to evaluate access requests according to the rules defined in policies. XACML is primarily an attribute-based access control policy language, but it also defines syntaxes for the requests sent by the Policy Enforcement Point to the Policy Decision Point, also called authorization decision requests. The response process follows the aforementioned request flow in reverse. In XACML, attributes—information about the subject accessing a resource, the resource to be addressed, the action to be performed on the resource, and the environment—act as inputs deciding whether access is granted or not. XACML can also be used to implement role-based access control. In XACML, Rules specify the conditions under which an access request is approved (Permit) or rejected (Deny). If a Rule is applicable to a request but the conditions within the Rule fail to evaluate, the result is Indeterminate. Rules are grouped together in Policies and combined according to a combining algorithm defined by the parent Policy (e.g., deny-unless-permit, permit-unless-deny). Then, Policies may be grouped together in a larger Policy (or PolicySet in XACML 3.0) and combined according to its combining algorithm similarly. Policies include a Target, which is a condition that determines whether that Policy should be evaluated for a given request. Policies and Rules also include obligations and advice expressions. Obligations specify actions that must be executed during the processing of a request (e.g., for logging). Advice expressions are similar but may be ignored. XACML separates access control functionality into several components. Each operating environment in which access control is used has a Policy Enforcement Point (PEP), which implements the functionality to demand authorization and to grant or deny access to resources. These refer to an environment-independent and central Policy Decision Point (PDP), which is responsible for making the final access decision. The PDP refers to policies stored in the Policy Retrieval Point (PRP). Policies are managed through a Policy Administration Point (PAP). XACML 4.0 now has an equivalent representation in JSON: JACAL.
UTF-8 is a character encoding standard used for electronic communication. Defined by the Unicode Standard, the name is derived from Unicode Transformation Format – 8-bit. As of 2026, almost every webpage (99.1%) is transmitted as UTF-8. UTF-8 supports all 1,112,064 valid Unicode code points using a variable-width encoding of one to four one-byte (8-bit) code units. Code points with lower numerical values, which tend to occur more frequently, are encoded using fewer bytes. It was designed for backward compatibility with ASCII: the first 128 characters of Unicode, which correspond one-to-one with ASCII, are encoded using a single byte with the same binary value as ASCII, so that a UTF-8-encoded file using only those characters is identical to an ASCII file. Most software designed for any extended ASCII can read and write UTF-8, and this results in fewer internationalization issues than any alternative text encoding. UTF-8 is dominant for all countries/languages on the internet, is used in most standards, often the only allowed encoding, and is supported by all modern operating systems and programming languages.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Joe Louis.