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In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| Jupiter Tessellation | |
|---|---|
| Filename extension |
.JT |
| Latest release | 10.6 2024 |
| Type of format | A scene graph CAD format |
| Open format? | Yes |
| Website | Siemens JT |
JT (Jupiter Tessellation) is an openly-published ISO-standardized 3D CAD data exchange format used for product visualization, collaboration, digital mockups, and other purposes.[1] It was developed by Siemens.[1]
It can contain any combination of approximate (faceted) data, boundary representation surfaces (NURBS), Product and Manufacturing Information (PMI), and Metadata (textual attributes) either exported from the native CAD system or inserted by a product data management (PDM) system.
The JT format contains a scene graph representation of an assembly, nested sub-assemblies of parts with CAD specific node and attributes data.[2]: 17 Facet information (triangles) is stored by using geometry compression techniques. Visual attributes of 3D scene and model like lights, textures, and/or materials are supported. Product and Manufacturing Information (PMI), Precise Part definitions (BRep), additional metadata, and a variety of representation configurations are supported. The JT format is designed to be streamable.[2]: 17
JT files are used in product lifecycle management (PLM) software programs and their respective CAD systems, by engineers and other professionals that need to analyze the geometry of complex products. The format and associated software is structured so that extremely large numbers of components can be quickly loaded, shaded and manipulated in real-time. Because all major 3D CAD formats are supported, a JT assembly can contain a mixture of any combination which has led to the term "multi-CAD". As JT is typically implemented as an integral part of a PLM solution, the resulting multi-CAD assembly is managed such that changes to the original CAD product definition files can be automatically synchronized with their associated JT files resulting in a multi-CAD assembly that is always up-to-date.
Because JT files are inherently "lightweight" (~1-10% of the size of a CAD file) they are ideal for internet collaboration. With the growing trend toward globalization, more companies are leveraging resources wherever they are available in the world. Collaboration using JT allows companies to send 3D visualization data to suppliers and partners much more easily than sending the associated "heavy" CAD files. In addition, real-time, on-line collaboration is easier because the amount of information sent back-and-forth across the internet is reduced. Finally, JT provides an inherent security feature such that intellectual property does not have to be shared with inappropriate parties. As indicated above, JT can contain any combination of data such that the right amount of information can be shared without exposing the underlying proprietary design definition information.
JT is often used for Digital mock-up (DMU) work, which allows engineers to validate that a product can be assembled without interferences long before a physical prototype could be produced. This "spatial validation" is enabled by precise measurements and cross-sectioning as well as sophisticated clearance/interference detection. Leveraging JT for digital mock-up allows users to reduce or eliminate costly physical prototypes and enables decision-making to occur much earlier in the development process.
Finally, JT is used as a CAD interoperability format for exchanging design data for Collaborative Product Development, where JT files are created by translating data from CAD systems such as NX (Unigraphics), Creo Elements/Pro, FORAN, I-DEAS, Solid Edge, Catia, Microstation or Autodesk Inventor.
JT was created to support the interactive display of very large assemblies (i.e. those containing tens of thousands of components). The JT file format is capable of storing an arbitrary number of faceted representations with varying levels of detail (LODs). When the whole product is displayed on the computer screen the hosting application displays only a simple, coarse, model. However, as the user zooms into a particular area, progressively finer representations are loaded and displayed. Over time, unused representations are unloaded to save memory.
JT was originally developed by Engineering Animation, Inc. and Hewlett-Packard as the DirectModel toolkit (initially Jupiter). JT is the abbreviation for Jupiter Tesselation. When EAI was purchased by UGS Corp., JT became a part of UGS's suite of products. Early in 2007 UGS announced the publication of the JT data format easing the adoption of JT as a master 3D format. Also in 2007, UGS was acquired by Siemens AG and became Siemens Digital Industries Software. JT is the common interoperability format in use across all of Siemens Digital Industries Software and has been adopted as the long term data archival format across all of Siemens.
On September 18, 2009, the ISO stated officially that the JT specification has been accepted for publication as an ISO Publicly Available Specification (PAS). End of August 2010 the Ballot for the New Work Item (NWI) proposal for JT as ISO International Standard was started by ProSTEP iViP. ProSTEP iViP thereby aimed on the one hand to publish the JT file format specification as ISO Standard and, on the other hand, to harmonize this undertaking with the new STEP AP 242 development, so that JT and STEP (especially STEP AP 242 XML) can be used together to assure major benefits within industrial data exchange scenarios.
In 2012 December, JT has been officially published as ISO 14306:2012 (ISO JT V1)[3] as a 3D visualization format, based on version 9.5 of JT specifications released by Siemens Digital Industries Software. Through this publication via ISO, for the first time a completely neutral and royalty-free specification of JT was available.[4]
Beginning of 2013, in ISO the specification of ISO JT V2 was started. The ISO/DIS 14306 V2[5] was accepted by ISO in November 2016. The final International Standard was published in November 2017.[2] Main difference between V1 and V2 is the incorporation of a STEP B-rep as an additional B-rep segment.
For providing additional functionalities and innovations required by industry, ProSTEP iViP and VDA decided mid of 2015 to specify a so-called JT Industrial Application Package (JTIAP),[6] which is a JT file format specification completely compatible to ISO 14306 (V1 as well as the future V2) and currently existing JT-Open-based implementations. Thereby, JTIAP provide a more comprehensive compression algorithm (LZMA), specifies XT B-rep as recommended representation of exact geometry and allows the neutral and royalty-free implementation of JT.
The JT data model is capable of representing a wide range of engineering data. This data can be very lightweight, holding little more than facet data or it can be quite rich, containing complete NURBS geometry representations along with product structure, attributes, meta data and PMI. It also supports multiple tessellations and level-of-detail (LOD) generation.[2]: 17
The relationship of product structure hierarchy to exported JT file structure is arbitrary. Any node in the hierarchy may be specified as the start of a new JT file. Thus, product structure may be represented in a variety of JT file configurations.
JT supports common product structure-to-file structure mappings. These include:
Client applications may use these mappings, or choose to define their own custom mapping.
To help shrink the storage and transmission bandwidth requirements of 3D models, JT files may take advantage of compression. Use of compression is transparent to the user of the JT data, and a given model may be composed of JT files using different compression settings (including none).
To date, the JT file format has evolved through two forms of compression, exposed in JT Open Toolkit as standard and advanced compression. These differ in that the former employs a simple, lossless compression algorithm, while the latter employs a more sophisticated, domain-specific compression scheme supporting lossy geometry compression. Client applications are encouraged to take advantage of advanced compression over standard compression, as attainable compression ratios are much greater. Support for standard compression is maintained only in the interest of backward compatibility with legacy JT file viewing applications.
The compression form used by a JT file is related to the JT file format version in which it was written. This version is readily viewable by opening a JT file in a text editor and looking at its ASCII header information.
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
JT (Jupiter Tessellation) is an openly-published ISO-standardized 3D CAD data exchange format used for product visualization, collaboration, digital mockups, and other purposes. It was developed by Siemens. It can contain any combination of approximate (faceted) data, boundary representation surfaces (NURBS), Product and Manufacturing Information (PMI), and Metadata (textual attributes) either exported from the native CAD system or inserted by a product data management (PDM) system. The JT format contains a scene graph representation of an assembly, nested sub-assemblies of parts with CAD specific node and attributes data. Facet information (triangles) is stored by using geometry compression techniques. Visual attributes of 3D scene and model like lights, textures, and/or materials are supported. Product and Manufacturing Information (PMI), Precise Part definitions (BRep), additional metadata, and a variety of representation configurations are supported. The JT format is designed to be streamable.
Open Design Alliance (ODA) is a nonprofit organization that develops software development kits (SDKs) for engineering applications. Its libraries are used by software developers in the CAD, CAM, CAE, AEC, manufacturing, geospatial, and mechanical design industries to build applications that create, read, edit, visualize, and exchange complex engineering data. Historically, ODA has focused on interoperability for CAD and BIM data, supporting formats such as .dwg, .dxf, .dgn, Autodesk Revit, Navisworks, and IFC, along with toolkits for visualization, modeling, and 3D PDF publishing. In recent years, the organization has expanded its efforts toward web technologies and mechanical design. The inWEB™ platform provides browser-based solutions for common data environments (CDE) and native DWG and DXF editing in a browser. MCAD SDK enables exchange of major 3D mechanical formats including Inventor, CATIA, SolidWorks, Creo, STEP, Parasolid, JT, and others. All ODA SDKs are delivered as stand-alone solutions without reliance on native applications.
JT may refer to:
An image file format is a file format for a digital image. There are many formats that can be used, such as JPEG, PNG, and GIF. Most formats up until 2022 were for storing 2D images, not 3D ones. The data stored in an image file format may be compressed or uncompressed. If the data is compressed, it may be done so using lossy compression or lossless compression. For graphic design applications, vector formats are often used. Some image file formats support transparency. Raster formats are for 2D images. A 3D image can be represented within a 2D format, as in a stereogram or autostereogram, but this 3D image will not be a true light field, and thereby may cause the vergence–accommodation conflict. Image files are composed of digital data in one of these formats so that the data can be displayed on a digital (computer) display or printed out using a printer. A common method for displaying digital image information has historically been rasterization.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Joe Louis.