Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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THE BHP WIRE —
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
In 1968 Shirley Chisholm became the first Black woman elected to the United States Congress. In 1972 she launched a campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination, breaking another political barrier.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
日系キューバ人 Nikkeikyubajin Japonés Cubanos | |
|---|---|
| Total population | |
| 90 Japanese nationals 1,200 people of Japanese descent[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Havana, Isla de la Juventud | |
| Languages | |
| Cuban Spanish, Japanese | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Japanese diaspora |
Japanese Cubans (Japanese: 日系キューバ人) are people of Japanese ancestry resident in Cuba.
The Cuban government first sought to recruit Japanese workers into sugar plantations in the 1880s, but the Japanese government refused to give approval on the grounds of the terrible working conditions of Chinese workers in Cuba. Subsequently, the first recorded Japanese person to settle in Cuba was in 1903. The first larger group of arrivals came from Mexico between 1910 and 1916, which would set a pattern for later decades, who were fleeing violence during the Mexican Revolution.[2]
They established an agricultural society in Carmelina. Later in 1916, 262 Japanese arrived. Most decided to get a job by harvesting cane. But the conditions were very hard for the Japanese and some returned to Japan. Some made it to the Isle of Youth, where some families established fruit and vegetable farms. In 1926, immigration to Cuba slowed.
On December 9, 1941, after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, President Batista declared war on Japan, along with its fascist allies. A few days later, on December 12, all Japanese descendants living in Cuba were declared "enemy aliens". As of 1943 a total of about 1,200 Japanese had immigrated to Cuba, including about 200 Okinawans. Most Japanese Cubans were arrested by the Cuban government and were deported to the United States. Some found new jobs when they arrived. Some worked as cooks, servants and other forms of support. Those who were imprisoned were not necessarily released immediately when the war ended. The last group was released in March 1946, over six months after Japan surrendered. After World War II, some left for Japan.
During the Cuban Revolution, more nikkei left Cuba for Japan.
In 2008, the Japanese government conferred the Order of the Rising Sun with gold and silver rays on Francisco Shinichi Miyasaka Machida in recognition of his contribution to the welfare of the descendants of Japanese emigrants in Cuba.[3]
In 2019, there were an estimated 1,200 Japanese descendants living in Cuba.[1]
| Africa | |
|---|---|
| Americas | |
| Asia | |
| Europe | |
| Indigenous peoples | |
| Others | |
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Japanese Cubans (Japanese: 日系キューバ人) are people of Japanese ancestry resident in Cuba.
Afro-Cubans (Spanish: Afrocubano) or Black Cubans are citizens of Cuba who have ancestry from any of the Black racial groups originating from Africa. The term Afro-Cuban can also refer to historical or cultural elements in Cuba associated with this community, and the combining of native African and other cultural elements found in Cuban society, such as race, religion, music, language, the arts and class culture.
Chinese Cubans (Spanish: chino-cubano) are Cubans of full or mixed Chinese ancestry who were born in or have immigrated to Cuba. They are part of the ethnic Chinese diaspora (or Overseas Chinese). The population peaked to around 60,000 in the 1950s, but almost entirely disappeared in the aftermath of the 1959 Cuban Revolution, with the population largely disappearing to Miami, Florida, or elsewhere in Latin America.
Cubans (Spanish: cubanos) are the citizens and nationals of the Republic of Cuba, as well as members of the Cuban diaspora who identify culturally or ethnically as Cuban, irrespective of their current citizenship. Cuba's resident population stood at approximately 9.7 million at the end of 2024, according to preliminary figures released by the Oficina Nacional de Estadística e Información (ONEI). According to the ONEI, the country's population has been undergoing a sustained decline driven by the combined effect of significant emigration and a negative rate of natural increase. Independent demographic analyses suggest that the actual resident population may be lower than official figures indicate, owing in part to an underestimation of emigration to destinations other than the United States. Outside the island, the United States hosts by far the largest Cuban community, estimated at 2.9 million people of Cuban origin in 2024, concentrated primarily in Florida—notably in the Miami metropolitan area—as well as in Texas, California, New Jersey, and New York City. Spain constitutes the second-largest Cuban diaspora community, with smaller populations present in Brazil, Italy, and Uruguay. The population of Cuba descends primarily from three groups: Spanish settlers and immigrants – drawn largely from Andalusia, Galicia, Asturias, and the Canary Islands — sub-Saharan Africans transported to the island through the transatlantic slave trade, and the pre-Columbian indigenous peoples, chiefly the Taíno and Ciboney. A significant, though demographically contested, share of Cubans carries mixed ancestry from all three groups, not as a product of recent admixture but of centuries of intermarriage accumulated across many generations. While Afro-Cubans and Cubans of Spanish descent have endured as distinct ethnocultural units, no equivalent indigenous-descended group survived the catastrophic demographic collapse of the sixteenth century; Taíno ancestry nonetheless persists in the Cuban population at the genetic level, as evidenced by mitochondrial DNA studies. Cuban Spanish, a variety of Spanish, is the native language of virtually all Cubans on the island and remains widely spoken among a large proportion of the diaspora.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.
