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THE BHP WIRE —
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
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Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
Katherine Johnson’s mathematical calculations helped guide some of America’s most important early space missions while she confronted the racial and gender barriers faced by Black women in twentieth-century America.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| Lateral rotator group | |
|---|---|
 The lateral rotator group and the gluteus minimus muscle, posterior view | |
 Structures surrounding left hip joint | |
| Details | |
| Origin | At or below the acetabulum of the ilium |
| Insertion | On or near the greater trochanter of the femur |
| Artery | Inferior gluteal artery, lateral sacral artery, superior gluteal artery |
| Nerve | Obturator nerve, nerve to the piriformis, nerve to quadratus femoris |
| Actions | Lateral rotation of hip |
| Antagonist | Gluteus minimus muscle, gluteus medius muscle |
| Anatomical terms of muscle | |
The lateral rotator group is a group of six small muscles of the hip which all externally (laterally) rotate the femur in the hip joint. It consists of the following muscles: piriformis, gemellus superior, obturator internus, gemellus inferior, quadratus femoris and the obturator externus.[1]
All muscles in the lateral rotator group originate from the hip bone and insert on to the upper extremity of the femur. The muscles are innervated by the sacral plexus (L4-S2), except the obturator externus muscle, which is innervated by the lumbar plexus.[2]
| Muscle | origin | insertion | innervation[2] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Piriformis muscle | Anterior surface of sacrum between and laterally to the anterior sacral foramina | Superior boundary of greater trochanter | Nerve to the piriformis (S1-S2) |
| Gemellus superior muscle | Ischial spine | Upper edge of Obturator internus muscle tendon (indirectly greater trochanter) | Nerve to obturator internus (L5-S2) |
| Obturator internus muscle | Medial surface of obturator membrane and the surrounding bone | Medial surface of greater trochanter | Nerve to obturator internus (L5-S2) |
| Gemellus inferior muscle | Just above the tuberosity of the ischium | Lower edge of Obturator internus muscle tendon (indirectly greater trochanter) | Nerve to quadratus femoris (L4-S1) |
| Quadratus femoris muscle | Lateral edge of the tuberosity of the ischium | Intertrochanteric crest | Nerve to quadratus femoris (L4-S1) |
| Obturator externus muscle | Lateral surface of obturator membrane and the ischiopubic ramus | Trochanteric fossa | Posterior branch of obturator nerve (L3-L4) |
This group does not include all muscles which aid in lateral rotation of the hip joint: rather it is a collection of ones which are known for primarily performing this action. Other muscles that contribute to lateral rotation of the hip include:
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
The lateral rotator group is a group of six small muscles of the hip which all externally (laterally) rotate the femur in the hip joint. It consists of the following muscles: piriformis, gemellus superior, obturator internus, gemellus inferior, quadratus femoris and the obturator externus. All muscles in the lateral rotator group originate from the hip bone and insert on to the upper extremity of the femur. The muscles are innervated by the sacral plexus (L4-S2), except the obturator externus muscle, which is innervated by the lumbar plexus.
The lumbar plexus is a web of nerves (a nerve plexus) in the lumbar region of the body which forms part of the larger lumbosacral plexus. It is formed by the divisions of the first four lumbar nerves (L1–L4) and from contributions of the subcostal nerve (T12), which is the last thoracic nerve. Additionally, the ventral rami of the fourth lumbar nerve pass communicating branches, the lumbosacral trunk, to the sacral plexus. The nerves of the lumbar plexus pass in front of the hip joint and mainly support the anterior part of the thigh. The plexus is formed lateral to the intervertebral foramina and passes through psoas major. Its smaller motor branches are distributed directly to psoas major, while the larger branches leave the muscle at various sites to run obliquely down through the pelvis to leave under the inguinal ligament with the exception of the obturator nerve which exits the pelvis through the obturator foramen.
The neural crest is a ridge-like structure that is formed transiently between the epidermal ectoderm and neural plate during vertebrate development. Neural crest cells originate from this structure through the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and in turn give rise to a diverse cell lineage—including melanocytes, craniofacial cartilage and bone, smooth muscle, dentin, peripheral and enteric neurons, adrenal medulla and glia. After gastrulation, the neural crest is specified at the border of the neural plate and the non-neural ectoderm. During neurulation, the borders of the neural plate, also known as the neural folds, converge at the dorsal midline to form the neural tube. Subsequently, neural crest cells from the roof plate of the neural tube undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition, delaminating from the neuroepithelium and migrating through the periphery, where they differentiate into varied cell types. The emergence of the neural crest was important in vertebrate evolution because many of its structural derivatives are defining features of the vertebrate clade. Underlying the development of the neural crest is a gene regulatory network, described as a set of interacting signals, transcription factors, and downstream effector genes, that confer cell characteristics such as multipotency and migratory capabilities. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of neural crest formation is important for our knowledge of human disease because of its contributions to multiple cell lineages. Abnormalities in neural crest development cause neurocristopathies, which include conditions such as frontonasal dysplasia, Waardenburg–Shah syndrome, and DiGeorge syndrome. Defining the mechanisms of neural crest development may reveal key insights into vertebrate evolution and neurocristopathies.
The latissimus dorsi (), also known simply as latissimus, is a large, flat muscle on the back that stretches to the sides, behind the arm, and is partly covered by the trapezius on the back near the midline. The word latissimus dorsi (plural: latissimi dorsi) comes from Latin and means "broadest [muscle] of the back", from "latissimus" (Latin: broadest) and "dorsum" (Latin: back). The pair of muscles are commonly known as "lats", especially among bodybuilders. The latissimus dorsi is responsible for extension, adduction, transverse extension also known as horizontal abduction (or horizontal extension), flexion from an extended position, and (medial) internal rotation of the shoulder joint. It also has a synergistic role in extension and lateral flexion of the lumbar spine. Due to bypassing the scapulothoracic joints and attaching directly to the spine, the actions the latissimi dorsi have on moving the arms can also influence the movement of the scapulae, such as their downward rotation during a pull up.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.
