Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| Lin Biao Counter-Revolutionary Clique | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simplified Chinese | 林彪反革命集团 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 林彪反革命集團 | ||||||
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| Lin Biao Counter-Revolutionary Clique | |||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 林彪反党集团 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 林彪反黨集團 | ||||||
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The Lin Biao Counter-Revolutionary Clique or the Lin Biao Anti-Party Clique was the term used during the Cultural Revolution in China to refer to a "clique organization" following the Lin Biao incident. It was mainly composed of Lin Biao, Chen Boda, Ye Qun, Huang Yongsheng, Wu Faxian, Li Zuopeng, Qiu Huizuo, and Lin Liguo. The Chinese Communist Party accused it of colluding with the Jiang Qing Counter-Revolutionary Clique (also known as the Gang of Four) to seize supreme power in China during the Cultural Revolution.
Since the plot to assassinate Mao Zedong failed, Lin Biao fled by plane on 13 September 1971.[1] The plane crashed in Undurhaan, Mongolia. Other key members were also arrested, and the Lin Biao group was crushed.[2]
During the Cultural Revolution, due to the Lin Biao incident, the Lin Biao anti-Party clique was described as "representing the interests of the overthrown landlords and bourgeoisie, and representing the desire of the overthrown reactionaries to overthrow the dictatorship of the proletariat and restore the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie".[3][4]
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Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Lin Liguo (Chinese: 林立果; 23 December 1945 – 13 September 1971) was the son of Chinese marshal Lin Biao. He was the alleged leader of Project 571, a coup plot against Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong.
The Lin Biao Counter-Revolutionary Clique or the Lin Biao Anti-Party Clique was the term used during the Cultural Revolution in China to refer to a "clique organization" following the Lin Biao incident. It was mainly composed of Lin Biao, Chen Boda, Ye Qun, Huang Yongsheng, Wu Faxian, Li Zuopeng, Qiu Huizuo, and Lin Liguo. The Chinese Communist Party accused it of colluding with the Jiang Qing Counter-Revolutionary Clique (also known as the Gang of Four) to seize supreme power in China during the Cultural Revolution.
The Princelings (Chinese: 太子党), also translated as the Party's Crown Princes or second generation officials (Chinese: 官二代), are the descendants of prominent and influential senior communist officials in the People's Republic of China. It is an informal, and often derogatory, categorization to signify those believed to be benefiting from nepotism and cronyism, by analogy with the crown prince (Chinese: taizi) in hereditary monarchies. Many of its members have held high-level political and business positions in the upper echelons of power. In contemporary China, "Princelings" are the descendants of senior Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leaders and have themselves risen to high-ranking positions within the CCP. If their parents belong to the first generation of CCP revolutionaries, they are also referred to as the "second Red Generation," "Red Heirs," or "the Red Nobility." Princelings also encompass the sons and daughters of later generations of top leaders, including figures like Jiang Zemin, Li Peng, and Hu Jintao. Princelings exerted their influence in the country either by occupying significant roles within the party-state apparatus, which includes the party, government, and military services, or by controlling substantial state-owned enterprises. Opportunities are available to princelings that are not available to common people. Using their powerful connections they have the opportunity to obtain profitable opportunities for themselves and for others. The more aggressive of the princelings have amassed fortunes of hundreds of millions of dollars. However, there is no discernible political cohesion within the group, and as such they should not be compared to other informal groupings such as the Shanghai clique or the Tuanpai ("Youth League clique"), which resemble intra-party factions with some degree of affinity on policy issues. Under the People's Republic, the term initially came into use during the Cultural Revolution to describe Lin Biao's son Lin Liguo as well as his close friends and allies who had been promoted alongside him into elite positions of the People's Liberation Army Air Force who were envisioned as the future "Third Generation" leadership of the CCP. In 1966, the Cultural Revolution led to many Princelings to be sent to rural China. Princelings lived in similar villages, worked together, and received their educations together. After some years, the Princelings started to return to home (commonly areas like Shanghai or Beijing) however this crucial period of time had already led many Princelings to form lifelong friendships/partnerships. Following the death of Lin Liguo in a failed coup and the subsequent purges of this group, the term briefly fell out of use until the 1980s to label the children of the Eight Elders and other First and Second Generation leaders who had been increasingly promoted in the party and were opposed to the efforts of reformers Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang to curb corruption and cronyism. Notable contemporary Princelings include Xi Jinping (son of Xi Zhongxun), China's top leader and Party General Secretary since 2012, and Bo Xilai (son of Bo Yibo), a former Party Committee Secretary of Chongqing who was also a member of the Politburo. The political influence of princelings has weakened significantly during the leadership of Xi Jinping, who has systematically excluded them from the top leadership. During the Xi era, the number of princelings in the Central Committee, the Politburo and the Politburo Standing Committee fell to record lows.
Ye Qun (simplified Chinese: 叶群; traditional Chinese: 葉群; pinyin: Yè Qún; 2 December 1917 – 13 September 1971) was a Chinese military officer and politician, and the wife of Lin Biao, the Vice Chairman of Chinese Communist Party who controlled China's military power along with Chairman Mao Zedong. She was mostly known for taking care of politics for her husband. Ye was a member of the 9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party. She died with Lin Biao and their son Lin Liguo in a plane crash over Mongolia on 13 September 1971. They also had a daughter, Lin Liheng (Doudou), who was not on the airplane.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.
