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In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
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| Names | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC name
Lithium phosphate
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| Other names
Trilithium phosphate
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.030.736 |
| EC Number |
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PubChem CID
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| Li3PO4 | |
| Molar mass | 115.794 g/mol |
| Appearance | White powder |
| Density | 2.46 g/cm3[1] |
| Melting point | 1,205 °C (2,201 °F; 1,478 K)[1] |
| 0.027 g/100 mL (25 °C)[1] | |
| Structure[2] | |
| Orthorhombic | |
| Pmn21 | |
a = 6.115, b = 5.239, c = 4.855
| |
| Tetrahedral (at all atoms) | |
| Thermochemistry | |
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298) |
-2095.8 kJ/mol[1] |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling: | |
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| Warning | |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
| Related compounds | |
Other cations
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Trisodium phosphate Tripotassium phosphate Caesium phosphate |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
| |
Lithium phosphate is a phosphate salt of lithium, with the molecular formula Li3PO4.[3] It is a white solid slightly soluble in water.
It is primarily used in the production of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) for making lithium-ion batteries.[3]
Trilithium phosphate can be produced by the neutralization of lithium carbonate using phosphoric acid:[1]
The low-temperature polymorph (β-Li3PO4) crystallizes as an orthorhombic crystal with the space group Pmn21. If heated to above 500 °C, it converts to another polymorph, γ-Li3PO4.[4]
Large doses of lithium phosphate may cause dizziness, and sometimes, kidney damage. According to some reports, dehydration, weight loss, and thyroid disturbances can occur due to high exposure of lithium ions. Nervous system defects, including slurred speech, blurred vision, sensory loss, and convulsions may also occur.[3]
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Lithium phosphate is a phosphate salt of lithium, with the molecular formula Li3PO4. It is a white solid slightly soluble in water. It is primarily used in the production of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) for making lithium-ion batteries.
Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) is an inorganic compound with the formula LiFePO4. It is a gray, green, or black solid that is insoluble in water. Lithium iron phosphate is used as a positive electrode material (cathode) of lithium iron phosphate batteries, a type of Li-ion battery. The negative electrode (anode) material for these batteries is typically graphite. This battery chemistry is used in power tools, electric vehicles, solar energy installations and large grid-scale energy storage. Lithium iron phosphate exists naturally in the form of the mineral triphylite, but as found naturally, this material has insufficient purity for use in batteries. Thus, battery-grade LFP powder must be synthesized.
The lithium iron phosphate battery (LiFePO4 battery) or LFP battery (lithium ferrophosphate) is a type of lithium-ion battery using lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) as the cathode material, and a graphitic carbon electrode with a metallic backing as the anode. Because of their low cost, high safety, low toxicity, long cycle life and other factors, LFP batteries are finding a number of roles in vehicle use, utility-scale stationary applications, and backup power. As of September 2022, LFP type battery market share for EVs reached 31%, and of that, 68% were from EV makers Tesla and BYD alone. In 2022, Chinese manufacturers held a near-monopoly of LFP battery type production. With patents having started to expire in 2022 and the increased demand for cheaper EV batteries, LFP type production is expected to rise further and surpass lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides (NMC) type batteries. The specific energy of LFP batteries is lower than that of other common lithium-ion battery types such as nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) and nickel cobalt aluminum (NCA). As of 2024, the specific energy of CATL's LFP battery is claimed to be 205 watt-hours per kilogram (Wh/kg) on the cell level. BYD's LFP battery specific energy is 150 Wh/kg. The best NMC batteries exhibit specific energy values of over 300 Wh/kg. Notably, the specific energy of Panasonic's "2170" NCA batteries used in Tesla's 2020 Model 3 mid-size sedan is around 260 Wh/kg, which is 70% of its "pure chemicals" value. LFP batteries also have a lower operating voltage than other lithium-ion battery types.
Lithium aluminium germanium phosphate, typically known with the acronyms LAGP or LAGPO, is an inorganic ceramic solid material whose general formula is Li1+xAlxGe2-x(PO4)3. LAGP belongs to the NASICON (Sodium Super Ionic Conductors) family of solid conductors and has been applied as a solid electrolyte in all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries. Typical values of ionic conductivity in LAGP at room temperature are in the range of 10–5 - 10–4 S/cm, even if the actual value of conductivity is strongly affected by stoichiometry, microstructure, and synthesis conditions. Compared to lithium aluminium titanium phosphate (LATP), which is another phosphate-based lithium solid conductor, the absence of titanium in LAGP improves its stability towards lithium metal. In addition, phosphate-based solid electrolytes have superior stability against moisture and oxygen compared to sulfide-based electrolytes like Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS) and can be handled safely in air, thus simplifying the manufacture process. Since the best performances are encountered when the stoichiometric value of x is 0.5, the acronym LAGP usually indicates the particular composition of Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3, which is also the typically used material in battery applications.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →The Greenwood District.
