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Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
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Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| more | |
|---|---|
 Example output of the more command | |
| Original authors | Daniel Halbert Eric Shienbrood Geoff Peck[1] John Foderaro[2] |
| Developers | DR, Microsoft, IBM, Toshiba, TSL, Jim Hall |
| Release | 1978, 47–48 years ago |
| Written in | MS-DOS, PC-MOS: x86 assembly language FreeDOS, ReactOS: C |
| Operating system | Cross-platform |
| Type | Command |
| License | Unix, Unix-like: BSD License, CDDL MS-DOS: MIT FreeDOS, ReactOS: GPL v2 PC-MOS: GPL v3 |
In computing, more is a command to view (but not modify) the contents of a text file one screen at a time. It is available on Unix and Unix-like systems, MS-DOS,[3] Digital Research FlexOS,[4] IBM/Toshiba 4690 OS,[5] IBM OS/2,[6] Windows and ReactOS.[7] Programs of this sort are called pagers.[8] more is a very basic pager, originally allowing only forward navigation through a file, though newer implementations do allow for limited backward movement.
The more command was originally written by Daniel Halbert, a graduate student at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1978. It was later expanded on by Eric Shienbrood, Geoff Peck (added underlining, single spacing) and John Foderaro (added -c, more environment variable history). It was first included in 3.0 BSD, and has since become a standard program in all Unix systems. less, a similar command with the extended capability of allowing both forward and backward navigation through the file, was written by Mark Nudelman between 1983 and 1985 and is now included in most Unix and Unix-like systems.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[9] A more command is also part of ASCII's MSX-DOS2 Tools for MSX-DOS version 2.[10] The Software Link's PC-MOS includes an implementation of more.[11] Like the rest of the operating system, it is licensed under the GPL v3.[12] The FreeDOS version was developed by Jim Hall and is licensed under the GPL v2.[13] The command is also available in the KolibriOS Shell.[14]
The numerical computing environments MATLAB and GNU Octave include a more
function that turns output pagination on or off.[15][16]
The command-syntax is:
more [options] [file_name]
If no file name is provided, more looks for input from standard input.
Once more has obtained input, it displays as much as can fit on the current screen and waits for user input to advance, with the exception that a form feed (^L) will also cause more to wait at that line, regardless of the amount of text on the screen. In the lower-left corner of the screen is displayed the text "--More--" and a percentage, representing the percent of the file that more has paged through. (This percentage includes the text displayed on the current screen.) When more reaches the end of a file (100%) it exits. The most common methods of navigating through a file are ↵ Enter, which advances the output by one line, and Space, which advances the output by one screen.
There are also other commands that can be used while navigating through the document; consult more's man page for more details.[17]
Options are typically entered before the file name, but can also be entered in the environment variable $MORE. Options entered in the actual command line will override those entered in the $MORE environment variable. Available options may vary between Unix systems, but a typical set of options is as follows:
-num: This option specifies an integer which is the screen size (in lines).-d: more will prompt the user with the message [Press space to continue, 'q' to quit.] and will display [Press 'h' for instructions.] instead of ringing the bell when an illegal key is pressed.-l: more usually treats ^L (form feed) as a special character, and will pause after any line that contains a form feed. The -l option will prevent this behavior.-f: Causes more to count logical, rather than screen lines (i.e., long lines are not folded).-p: Do not scroll. Instead, clear the whole screen and then display the text.-c: Do not scroll. Instead, paint each screen from the top, clearing the remainder of each line as it is displayed.-s: Squeeze multiple blank lines into one.-u: Backspaces and carriage returns to be treated as printable characters;+/: This option specifies a string that will be searched for before each file is displayed. (Ex.: more +/Preamble gpl.txt)+num: Start at line number num.
more commandThe command-syntax is:[18]
command | more [/c] [/p] [/s] [/tn] [+n] more [[/c] [/p] [/s] [/tn] [+n]] < [Drive:] [Path] FileName more [/c] [/p] [/s] [/tn] [+n] [files]
To display the file named letter.txt on the screen, the user can type either of the following two commands:
more letter.txt type letter.txt | more
The command displays the first screen of information from letter.txt, and then the following prompt appears:
-- More—When the spacebar is pressed, the next screen of information will be displayed.
It is also possible to clear the screen and remove all extra blank lines before displaying the file:
more /c /s < letter.txt type letter.txt | more /c /s
The command-syntax is:
MORE < [drive:][path]filename command | more
drive:\path\filename – Specifies the location of the file to display one screen at a time.command | – Specifies the command whose output will be displayed.Return the content of the OS/2 system directory using the dir command and display it one screen at a time using the more command:
[C:\]dir C:\OS2 | more
| File system | |
|---|---|
| Processes | |
| User environment | |
| Text processing | |
| Shell builtins | |
| Searching | |
| Documentation | |
| Software development | |
| Miscellaneous | |
| |
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
In computing, more is a command to view (but not modify) the contents of a text file one screen at a time. It is available on Unix and Unix-like systems, MS-DOS, Digital Research FlexOS, IBM/Toshiba 4690 OS, IBM OS/2, Windows and ReactOS. Programs of this sort are called pagers. more is a very basic pager, originally allowing only forward navigation through a file, though newer implementations do allow for limited backward movement.
tee is a shell command that copies data from standard input to one or more files in addition to standard output, duplicating the input to each output. The name derives from the tee pipe fitting even though the tee command duplicates the input into each output instead of dividing the input into portions for each output. The command is often used with pipes and filters. Similar behaving commands are provided by many shells although syntax varies. The command is provided in Unix and Unix-like systems, OS-9, MS-DOS / PC DOS and compatibles, Windows (e.g. 4NT, PowerShell, UnxUtils), ReactOS and IBM i. The Linux version was written by Mike Parker, Richard Stallman, and David MacKenzie. The FreeDOS version was developed by Jim Hall and is licensed under the GPL. Additionally the sponge command offers similar capabilities.
fdisk is a command-line utility for disk partitioning. It has been part of DOS, DR FlexOS, IBM OS/2, and early versions of Microsoft Windows, as well as certain ports of FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, DragonFly BSD and macOS for compatibility reasons. Windows 2000 and its successors have replaced fdisk with a more advanced tool called diskpart.
XCOPY is a shell command for copying files and directory trees from one directory to another or across networks. The command was designed to be more functional than the copy command, but to augment it instead of replacing it. The name, short for extended copy, is often written as XCOPY or xcopy. As was the prevailing style for DOS systems, the name was typically written in all caps when DOS was a prevalent technology and even today in the context of such obsolete systems. In modern times and for modern systems, prevailing style is to write command names in lower case. Since the command's use spans from DOS to current systems, both representations are commonly used. The command first appeared in DOS 3.2. The command is available on IBM PC DOS, MS-DOS, OS/2, Windows, FreeDOS, ReactOS, and other systems. DR DOS 6.0 and ROM-DOS include an implementation of the XCOPY command. The FreeDOS version was developed by Rene Ableidinger and is licensed under the GPL. The ReactOS version was developed J. Edmeades and is licensed under the LGPL. As stated by the command that ships with Vista (reported via xcopy /?), Microsoft deprecated xcopy in favor of robocopy. But, since the version in the current release of Windows does not state this and the command is still available in Windows long after Vista was released in 2007, deprecation may have been reversed.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Madam C.J. Walker
