Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
Mansa Musa was the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa. Details recorded here should be sourced; unknown information is left blank.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| fdisk | |
|---|---|
 Screenshot of FDISK on MS-DOS | |
| Developers | Robert Baron, IBM, Microsoft, Digital Research, Datalight, Novell, Brian E. Reifsnyder |
| Release | 1983, 42–43 years ago |
| Operating system | MS-DOS, PC DOS, FlexOS, SISNE plus, OS/2, eComStation, ArcaOS, Windows, DR DOS, ROM-DOS, FreeDOS, PTS-DOS, *BSD,[1] SysV |
| Type | Command |
| License | MS-DOS, PC DOS, FlexOS, OS/2, Windows, DR DOS, ROM-DOS, PTS-DOS: Proprietary commercial software FreeDOS: GNU GPLv2 |
fdisk is a command-line utility for disk partitioning. It has been part of DOS, DR FlexOS, IBM OS/2, and early versions of Microsoft Windows, as well as certain ports of FreeBSD,[2] NetBSD,[3] OpenBSD,[4] DragonFly BSD[5] and macOS[6] for compatibility reasons. Windows 2000 and its successors have replaced fdisk with a more advanced tool called diskpart.
IBM introduced the first version of fdisk (officially dubbed "Fixed Disk Setup Program") in March 1983, with the release of the IBM PC/XT computer (the first PC to store data on a hard disk) and the IBM PC DOS 2.0 operating system. fdisk version 1.0 can create one FAT12 partition, delete it, change the active partition, or display partition data. fdisk writes the master boot record, which supports up to four partitions. The other three were intended for other operating systems such as CP/M-86 and Xenix, which were expected to have their own partitioning utilities.
Microsoft first added fdisk to MS-DOS in version 3.2.[7] MS-DOS versions 2.0 through 3.10 included OEM-specific partitioning tools, which may have been named fdisk.
PC DOS 3.0, released in August 1984, added support for FAT16 partitions to handle larger hard disks more efficiently. PC DOS 3.30, released in April 1987, added support for extended partitions. (These partitions do not store data directly but can contain up to 23 logical drives.) In both cases, fdisk was modified to work with FAT16 and extended partitions. Support for FAT16B was first added to Compaq's fdisk in MS-DOS 3.31. FAT16B later became available with MS-DOS and PC DOS 4.0.
The undocumented /mbr switch in fdisk, which could repair the master boot record, soon became popular.
IBM PC DOS 7.10 shipped with the new fdisk32 utility.
ROM-DOS,[8] DR DOS 6.0[9] FlexOS,[10] PTS-DOS 2000 Pro,[11] and FreeDOS,[12] include an implementation of the fdisk command.
Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows ME shipped with a derivative of the MS-DOS fdisk. Windows 2000 and its successors, however, came with the more advanced[according to whom?] diskpart and the graphical Disk Management utilities.
Starting with Windows 95 OSR2, fdisk supports the FAT32 file system.[13]
The version of fdisk that ships with Windows 95 does not report the correct size of a hard disk that is larger than 64 GB. An updated fdisk is available from Microsoft to correct this issue.[14] In addition, fdisk cannot create partitions larger than 512 GB, even though FAT32 supports partitions as big as 2 TB. This limitation applies to all versions of fdisk supplied with Windows 95 OSR 2.1, Windows 98 and Windows ME.
Before version 4.0, OS/2 shipped with two partition table managers. These were the text mode fdisk[15] and the graphical fdiskpm.[16] The two have identical functionality, and can manipulate both FAT partitions and the more advanced HPFS partitions.
OS/2 4.5 and higher (including eComStation and ArcaOS) can use the JFS file system, as well as FAT and HPFS. They replaced fdisk with the Logical Volume Manager (LVM).
fdisk for Mach Operating System was written by Robert Baron. It was ported to 386BSD by Julian Elischer,[17] and the implementation is being used by FreeBSD,[2] NetBSD[3] and DragonFly BSD,[5] all as of 2019, as well as the early versions of OpenBSD between 1995 and 1997 before OpenBSD 2.2.[1]
Tobias Weingartner re-wrote fdisk in 1997 before OpenBSD 2.2,[4] which has subsequently been forked by Apple Computer, Inc in 2002, and is still used as the basis for fdisk on macOS as of 2019.[6]
For native partitions, BSD systems traditionally use BSD disklabel, and fdisk partitioning is supported only on certain architectures (for compatibility reasons) and only in addition to the BSD disklabel (which is mandatory).
In Linux, fdisk is a part of a standard package distributed by the Linux Kernel organization, util-linux. The original program was written by Andries E. Brouwer and A. V. Le Blanc and was later rewritten by Karel Zak and Davidlohr Bueso when they forked the util-linux package in 2006. An alternative, ncurses-based program, cfdisk, allows users to create partition layouts via a text-based user interface (TUI).[18]
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
In computing, more is a command to view (but not modify) the contents of a text file one screen at a time. It is available on Unix and Unix-like systems, MS-DOS, Digital Research FlexOS, IBM/Toshiba 4690 OS, IBM OS/2, Windows and ReactOS. Programs of this sort are called pagers. more is a very basic pager, originally allowing only forward navigation through a file, though newer implementations do allow for limited backward movement.
tee is a shell command that copies data from standard input to one or more files in addition to standard output, duplicating the input to each output. The name derives from the tee pipe fitting even though the tee command duplicates the input into each output instead of dividing the input into portions for each output. The command is often used with pipes and filters. Similar behaving commands are provided by many shells although syntax varies. The command is provided in Unix and Unix-like systems, OS-9, MS-DOS / PC DOS and compatibles, Windows (e.g. 4NT, PowerShell, UnxUtils), ReactOS and IBM i. The Linux version was written by Mike Parker, Richard Stallman, and David MacKenzie. The FreeDOS version was developed by Jim Hall and is licensed under the GPL. Additionally the sponge command offers similar capabilities.
fdisk is a command-line utility for disk partitioning. It has been part of DOS, DR FlexOS, IBM OS/2, and early versions of Microsoft Windows, as well as certain ports of FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, DragonFly BSD and macOS for compatibility reasons. Windows 2000 and its successors have replaced fdisk with a more advanced tool called diskpart.
XCOPY is a shell command for copying files and directory trees from one directory to another or across networks. The command was designed to be more functional than the copy command, but to augment it instead of replacing it. The name, short for extended copy, is often written as XCOPY or xcopy. As was the prevailing style for DOS systems, the name was typically written in all caps when DOS was a prevalent technology and even today in the context of such obsolete systems. In modern times and for modern systems, prevailing style is to write command names in lower case. Since the command's use spans from DOS to current systems, both representations are commonly used. The command first appeared in DOS 3.2. The command is available on IBM PC DOS, MS-DOS, OS/2, Windows, FreeDOS, ReactOS, and other systems. DR DOS 6.0 and ROM-DOS include an implementation of the XCOPY command. The FreeDOS version was developed by Rene Ableidinger and is licensed under the GPL. The ReactOS version was developed J. Edmeades and is licensed under the LGPL. As stated by the command that ships with Vista (reported via xcopy /?), Microsoft deprecated xcopy in favor of robocopy. But, since the version in the current release of Windows does not state this and the command is still available in Windows long after Vista was released in 2007, deprecation may have been reversed.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Mae Jemison, aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992.
