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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
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Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
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The Mac OS nanokernel is an operating system kernel that serves as the basis of most PowerPC based system software versions 7 through 9 of the classic Mac OS, predating Mac OS X.
The initial revision of this software is a single tasking system which delegates most tasks to an emulator running the Motorola 68000 series (68k) version of the operating system. The second major revision supports multitasking, multiprocessing, and message passing, and would be more properly called a microkernel. Unlike the 68k-derived Mac OS kernel running within it, the PowerPC kernel exists in a protected memory space and executes device drivers in user mode.
The nanokernel is very different from the Copland OS microkernel, although they were created in succession with similar goals.[1][2][3]
The original nanokernel, and the tightly integrated Mac 68k emulator, were written by emulation consultant Gary Davidian.[4] Its main purpose is to allow the existing Motorola 68k version of the operating system to run on new hardware. As such, the normal state of the system is to be running 68k code. The operating system does little until activated by an interrupt, which is quickly mapped to its 68k equivalent within the virtual machine.
Other tasks may include switching back to PowerPC mode, if necessary, upon completion of the interrupt handler, and mapping the Macintosh virtual memory system to the PowerPC hardware. However, as the software is little documented, these might instead be handled by the emulator running in user mode.
This nanokernel is stored on the Mac OS ROM chip integrated into Old World ROM computers, or inside the Mac OS ROM file on disk on the New World ROM computers, rather than being installed in the familiar sense.
Progress after 1994 demanded additional functionality.[according to whom?] A forward-looking architecture was introduced for PCI card drivers in anticipation of the Copland microkernel called NuKernel, which supports memory protection. The Open Transport networking architecture introduced standardized PowerPC synchronization primitives. The DayStar Digital Genesis MP Macintosh clone requires kernel extensions to support multiprocessing. This evolution would later affect the overhaul to the nanokernel in Mac OS 8.6.
Mac OS 8.6's nanokernel was rewritten by René A. Vega to add Multiprocessing Services 2.0 support. PowerMacInfo, distributed in the Multiprocessing SDK, is an application that displays statistics about the nanokernel's operation.[5]
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Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
The Mac OS nanokernel is an operating system kernel that serves as the basis of most PowerPC based system software versions 7 through 9 of the classic Mac OS, predating Mac OS X. The initial revision of this software is a single tasking system which delegates most tasks to an emulator running the Motorola 68000 series (68k) version of the operating system. The second major revision supports multitasking, multiprocessing, and message passing, and would be more properly called a microkernel. Unlike the 68k-derived Mac OS kernel running within it, the PowerPC kernel exists in a protected memory space and executes device drivers in user mode. The nanokernel is very different from the Copland OS microkernel, although they were created in succession with similar goals.
The programmer's key, or interrupt button, is a button or switch on Classic Mac OS-era Macintosh systems, which jumps to a machine code monitor. The symbol on the button is ⎉: U+2389 ⎉ CIRCLED HORIZONTAL BAR WITH NOTCH. On most 68000 family based Macintosh computers, an interrupt request can also be sent by holding down the command key and pressing the power key on the keyboard. This effect is also simulated by the 68000 environment of the Mac OS nanokernel on PowerPC machines and the Classic environment. Pressing the interrupt button during startup crashes the system and displays the Sad Mac. A plastic insert came with Macintosh 128K, Macintosh 512K, Macintosh Plus, and Macintosh SE computers that could be attached to the exterior of the case and was used to press an interrupt button located on the motherboard. Modern Mac hardware no longer includes the interrupt button, as the macOS operating system has integrated debugging options. In addition, macOS's protected memory blocks direct patching of system memory (in order to better secure the system).
Mac OS X 10.0, codenamed "Cheetah", is the first major release of Apple's Mac OS X (now macOS) operating system. Released on March 24, 2001, it served as a successor to Mac OS 9 and the classic Mac OS as a whole. Mac OS X introduced major changes to the Mac OS architecture and user interface; it adopted a new Unix-like architecture derived from elements of BSD and NeXTSTEP, which are intended to improve the operating system's stability and multitasking capabilities in comparison to the classic Mac OS. It incorporates a new graphical user interface known as "Aqua", which features increased use of transparency and animation effects, and a new application launcher known as the Dock. Mac OS X uses two main frameworks for applications, including Carbon, an updated version of the original Mac OS APIs, and Cocoa, an object-oriented infrastructure based on that of NeXTSTEP.
Mac OS 8 is the eighth major release of the classic Mac OS operating system for Macintosh computers, released by Apple Computer on July 26, 1997. It includes the largest overhaul of the classic Mac OS experience since the release of System 7, approximately six years before. It places a greater emphasis on color than prior versions. Released over a series of updates, Mac OS 8 represents an incremental integration of many of the technologies that had been developed from 1988 to 1996 for Apple's ambitious OS named Copland. Mac OS 8 helped modernize the Mac OS while Apple developed its next-generation operating system, Mac OS X (renamed in 2012 to OS X and then in 2016 to macOS). Mac OS 8 is one of Apple's most commercially successful software releases, selling over 1.2 million copies in the first two weeks. As it came at a difficult time in Apple's history, many pirate groups refused to traffic in the new OS, encouraging people to buy it instead. Mac OS 8.0 introduces the most visible changes in the lineup, including the Platinum interface and a native PowerPC multithreaded Finder. Mac OS 8.1 introduces a new, more efficient file system named HFS Plus. Mac OS 8.5 is the first version of the Mac OS to require a PowerPC processor. It features PowerPC native versions of QuickDraw, AppleScript, and the Sherlock search utility. Its successor, Mac OS 9, was released on October 23, 1999.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.
