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Katherine Johnson’s mathematical calculations helped guide some of America’s most important early space missions while she confronted the racial and gender barriers faced by Black women in twentieth-century America.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| Madang | |
|---|---|
| Madang–Adelbert Range | |
| Geographic distribution | Papua New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Northeast New Guinea and/or Trans–New Guinea
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | mada1298 |
 Map: The Madang languages of New Guinea
The Madang languages
Trans–New Guinea languages
Other Papuan languages
Austronesian languages
Uninhabited | |
The Madang or Madang–Adelbert Range languages are a language family of Papua New Guinea. They were classified as a branch of Trans–New Guinea by Stephen Wurm, followed by Malcolm Ross. William A. Foley concurs that it is "highly likely" that the Madang languages are part of TNG, although the pronouns, the usual basis for classification in TNG, have been "replaced" in Madang. Timothy Usher finds that Madang is closest to the Upper Yuat River languages and other families to its west, but does not for now address whether this larger group forms part of the TNG family.[1]
The family is named after Madang Province and the Adelbert Range.
Sidney Herbert Ray identified the Rai Coast family in 1919. In 1951 these were linked with the Mabuso languages by Arthur Capell to create his Madang family. John Z'graggen (1971, 1975) expanded Madang to languages of the Adelbert Range and renamed the family Madang–Adelbert Range, and Stephen Wurm (1975)[2] adopted this as a branch of his Trans–New Guinea phylum. For the most part, Malcolm Ross's (2005) Madang family includes the same languages as Z'graggen Madang–Adelbert Range, but the internal classification is different in several respects, such as the dissolution of the Brahman branch.
The languages are as follows:[1][3]
The time depth of Madang is comparable to that of Austronesian or Indo-European.
Ross (2000) reconstructed the pronouns as follows:
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | *ya | *i[4] |
| 2 | *na | *ni, *ta |
| 3 | *nu |
These are not the common TNG pronouns. However, Ross postulates that the TNG dual suffixes *-le and *-t remain, and suggests that the TNG pronouns live on as Kalam verbal suffixes.
Madang family reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma:[5]
Kalam language (most closely related to the Rai Coast languages):
The following selected reconstructions of Proto-Madang by Ross (2014)[7] are from the Trans-New Guinea database.[8] Proto-Trans–New Guinea reconstructions are from Andrew Pawley and Harald Hammarström (2018).[5]: 141–146
| gloss | Proto-Madang | Proto-Trans–New Guinea |
|---|---|---|
| head | *gat(a,i)(m) | *kV(mb,p)utu; mVtVna |
| hair | *imunu | *(nd,s)umu(n,t)[V]; *iti |
| ear | *kaun(i) | *kand(i,e)k[V] |
| eye | *amu | *ŋg(a,u)mu; *(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV; *nVpV |
| nose | *mutu(gu) | *mundu |
| tooth | *make | *titi |
| tongue | *mele | *me(l,n)e; *mbilaŋ |
| leg | *kani(n) | *k(a,o)nd(a,o)[C]; *kitu |
| louse | *[n]iman | *(n)iman |
| bird | *kVbara | *yaka[i]; *n[e]i |
| egg | *munaka | *mun(a,e,i)ka; *maŋgV |
| blood | *ka(d,r)a; *kara | *ke(nj,s)a |
| bone | *kwaten | *kondaC |
| skin | *ga(n,r)a | *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu |
| breast | *amu(na) | *amu |
| tree | *tari | *inda |
| woman | *na-gali(k) | *panV |
| sky | *ku(m,b)ut | *kumut, *tumuk; *samb[V] |
| sun | *kamali | *kamali; *ketane |
| moon | *kalam; *takun | *kal(a,i)m; *takVn[V] |
| water | *yag(V) | *(n)ok[V] |
| fire | *k(a,e)dap | *k(a,o)nd(a,u)p; *inda; *kambu |
| stone | *namanu | *[na]muna; *kamb(a,u)na |
| name | *ibi; *wañim | *imbi; *wani |
| eat | *(n,ñ)a | *na- |
| one | *kati(ŋ,g)a | |
| two | *arigita | *ta(l,t)(a,e) |
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
The Madang or Madang–Adelbert Range languages are a language family of Papua New Guinea. They were classified as a branch of Trans–New Guinea by Stephen Wurm, followed by Malcolm Ross. William A. Foley concurs that it is "highly likely" that the Madang languages are part of TNG, although the pronouns, the usual basis for classification in TNG, have been "replaced" in Madang. Timothy Usher finds that Madang is closest to the Upper Yuat River languages and other families to its west, but does not for now address whether this larger group forms part of the TNG family. The family is named after Madang Province and the Adelbert Range.
Madang is a province of Papua New Guinea. The province is on the northern coast of mainland Papua New Guinea and has many of the country's highest peaks, active volcanoes and its biggest mix of languages. The capital is the town of Madang.
The Rai Coast languages are a family of languages in the Madang stock of New Guinea. Sidney Herbert Ray identified what was then known of the Rai Coast languages as a unit in 1919. They were linked with the Mabuso languages in 1951 by Arthur Capell in his Madang family.
Trans–New Guinea (TNG) is an extensive family of Papuan languages spoken on the island of New Guinea and neighboring islands, a region corresponding to the country Papua New Guinea as well as parts of Indonesia. Trans–New Guinea is perhaps the third-largest language family in the world by number of languages. The core of the family is considered to be established, but its boundaries and overall membership are uncertain. The languages are spoken by around 3 million people. There have been several main proposals as to its internal classification.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Madam C.J. Walker
