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Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
 | This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (May 2022) |
Magoua (French pronunciation: [maɡwa]) is a particular dialect of basilectal Quebec French spoken in the Trois-Rivières area, between Trois-Rivières and Maskinongé. Long before a military fort was constructed there, Trois-Rivières became in 1615 the first stronghold of the coureurs des bois outside the city of Québec. Magoua is the ethnonym applied to their descendants in the area. Magoua is the most conservative of all Quebec French varieties, including Joual. It preserves the sontaient ("étaient") characteristic of Métis French and Louisiana French, has a creole-like past tense particle tà and has old present-tense contraction of a former verb "to be" that behave in the same manner as subject clitics.
Its name may derive from a word in Atikamekw: Makwa (French: huard), which means loon (Gavia immer).
| Magoua | Standard French | English |
|---|---|---|
| mouén | moi, je | I |
| toué | toi, tu | you |
| (mouén) ch(u) tà ben màlàd | j’étais très malade | I was very sick |
| (mouén) chu la pis j’rès | j’y suis, j'y reste | I am here, and I stay |
| i son tà deus euzot | ils étaient deux | There were two of them |
| Ti-Oui i ben màlàd | Louis est très malade | Louis is very sick |
| Ti-Oui i tà ben màlàd | Louis était très malade | Louis was very sick |
| Ti-Oui tà pour t’aider | Louis t’aurait aidé | Louis would have helped you |
| tà mér tu la? | ta mère est-elle là? | Is your mother at home? |
| tà mér tà tu la? | ta mère était-elle là? | Was your mother at home? |
| (nouzot) ouen tà pour viend | nous serions venus | We would have come |
| vouzot tà àprà bouér | vous étiez en train de boire | You all were drinking |
| m’a fer sa | je le ferai | I will do it |
| t'a fer sa | tu le feras | You will do it |
| ouan alé wér wér si la djòb tà fèt | nous irons voir si le travail a été vraiment fait. | We will go and see if the job was really done |
| mon kien | le mien | mine |
| ton kien | le tien | yours |
| à gar | à la gare | at the train station |
| dan kour | dans la cour | in the yard |
| dan kor | dans le corps | in the body |
| ya ben kàrant onz d'skotch dan kor | Il a bien quarante onces de scotch dans le corps | He must have been drinking 40 ounces of Scotch |
| kòsen | vieillerie, truc, chose, affaire | old stuff |
| èn plènté d'kosen | une grosse quantité d'objets divers | plenty of stuff |
| ranmàs té kòsen pi dékris | prends tes affaires et vas-t’en | Pick up your things and scram! |
| tokàp | pénis, sans allure, con | penis, idiot |
| tokàpin | conne | idiotic woman |
| parlé màgoua | parler magoua | to speak Magoua, "comme les gens de chez nous" |
| èn cour d'Màgoua | une cour en désordre où on trouve de tout | a courtyard that looks like Ali Baba's cave |
| en vrà Màgoua | un Magoua de souche; un vrai débrouillard | a person of Magoua descent; someone without "proper European" manners; a resourceful person |
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Magoua (French pronunciation: [maɡwa]) is a particular dialect of basilectal Quebec French spoken in the Trois-Rivières area, between Trois-Rivières and Maskinongé. Long before a military fort was constructed there, Trois-Rivières became in 1615 the first stronghold of the coureurs des bois outside the city of Québec. Magoua is the ethnonym applied to their descendants in the area. Magoua is the most conservative of all Quebec French varieties, including Joual. It preserves the sontaient ("étaient") characteristic of Métis French and Louisiana French, has a creole-like past tense particle tà and has old present-tense contraction of a former verb "to be" that behave in the same manner as subject clitics. Its name may derive from a word in Atikamekw: Makwa (French: huard), which means loon (Gavia immer).
Bungi (also called Bungee, Bungie, Bungay, Bangay, or the Red River Dialect) is a dialect of English with substratal influence from Scottish English, the Orcadian dialect of Scots, Norn, Scottish Gaelic, French, Cree, and Western Ojibwe. It was spoken by the Scottish Red River Métis in present-day Manitoba, Canada, and formerly in areas of Ontario and Minnesota, United States. Bungi has been categorized as a post-creole, with the distinctive features of the language gradually abandoned by successive generations of speakers in favour of standard Canadian English. In 1870, about 5,000 Métis were native speakers of Bungi, but by the late 1980s, only a handful of elderly speakers were known. Today, Bungi has very few if any speakers and is potentially extinct. Bungi was spoken in the Lower Red River Colony in the area from The Forks (where the Red River and Assiniboine River meet in what is now downtown Winnipeg) to the mouth of the Red River at Lake Winnipeg. This is the area where the English/Scottish retired Hudson's Bay Company servants generally settled.
Saanich (Saanich: SENĆOŦEN IPA: [sənˈt͡ʃas̪ən]) is the variety of North Straits Salish spoken by the Saanich people in the Pacific Northwest of North America. North Straits Salish is a dialect continuum, the varieties of which are closely related to the Klallam language.
Ottawa or Odawa is a dialect of the Ojibwe language spoken by the Odawa people in southern Ontario in Canada, and northern Michigan in the United States. Descendants of migrant Ottawa speakers live in Kansas and Oklahoma. The first recorded meeting of Ottawa speakers and Europeans occurred in 1615 when a party of Ottawas encountered explorer Samuel de Champlain on the north shore of Georgian Bay. Ottawa is written in an alphabetic system using Latin letters, and is known to its speakers as Nishnaabemwin 'speaking the native language' or Daawaamwin 'speaking Ottawa'. Ottawa is one of the Ojibwe dialects that has undergone the most language change, although it shares many features with other dialects. The most distinctive change is a pervasive pattern of vowel syncope that deletes short vowels in many words, resulting in significant changes in their pronunciation. This and other innovations in pronunciation, in addition to changes in word structure and vocabulary, differentiate Ottawa from other dialects of Ojibwe. Like other Ojibwe dialects, Ottawa grammar includes animate and inanimate noun gender, subclasses of verbs that are dependent upon gender, combinations of prefixes and suffixes that are connected with particular verb subclasses, and complex patterns of word formation. Ottawa distinguishes two types of third person in sentences: proximate, indicating a noun phrase that is emphasized in the discourse, and obviative, indicating a less prominent noun phrase. Ottawa has a relatively flexible word order compared with languages such as English. Ottawa speakers are concerned that their language is endangered as the use of English increases and the number of fluent speakers declines. Language revitalization efforts include second language learning in primary and secondary schools.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.