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Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| Makrani | |
|---|---|
| مکرانی | |
 Makrani written in the Nastaliq font | |
| Native to | Pakistan, Iran[1] |
| Region | Makran |
| Dialects | |
| Perso-Arabic script (Balochi alphabet) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | bcc |
| ISO 639-3 | bcc – inclusive codeIndividual code: bcc – Southern Balochi |
| Glottolog | sout2642 Southern Balochimakr1243 Makrani |
| Linguasphere | 58-AAB-ac |
| Part of a series on |
| Baloch people |
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Makrani (Balochi: مکرانی), also referred to as Southern Balochi (زرباری بلۏچی, romanized: Zerbári Balòči),[2] is a variety of the Balochi language[3] spoken in the historical region of Makran (مکران) within Balochistan.[4][5]
In general, after numerous studies, the Balochi language has three main dialects. The main dialect split is between Western, Southern, and Eastern Balochi.[6][7][8][2][9][10]
Makrani is the main branch of Southern Balochi.
Southern Balochi subdialects include Lashari, Sarbazi, Kechi, Karachi and Coastal dialect. They are spoken in the Makran region, which is why all these dialects are generally called Makrani.[6][11]
Kechi,[6] is the main subdialect spoken in Kech, including Turbat.[5][12]
Lashari,[12] is the main subdialect centered on the village of Lashar.[5]
The "Coastal Dialects",[13][14], including Qasr-e Qand, Nik Shahr, Rask, Bandar Abbas, Karachi, Chahbahar, Gwadar, and Pasni.[12]
| long vowels | â:, ā, ē, ī, ō, ū |
|---|---|
| Short vowel | â, a, e, i, o, u |
| Compound vowel | [ie], [ue] |
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | ī | ū | |
| Mid | e,ē | o,ō | |
| Low | ɑ | ō |
| Scholars | Vowel systems | Dialect |
|---|---|---|
| Farrell (1990) | ī, i, ē, a, ā, ō, u, ū, ā͂, ē͂, ī͂, ō͂, ū͂ | Karachi |
| Yousefian (2008) | i, e, ē, a, â, o, ō, u | Lashari |
It is similar to that of Koroshi dialect spoken in Iran.[15] Nasalization, which is common in Southern Balochi dialects, is phonetically less salient in Koroshi.
The consonants /b/ ، /d/ ، /ḍ/ ، /g/ ، /p/ ، /t/ ، /ṭ/ ، /k/ ، /P/ /h/ ،/tʰ/ ،/ṭʰ/ ، /k/ /h/ ،/s/ ،/z/ ،/ʃ/ ،/ȝ/ ،/h/ ،/ʤ/ ، ʧ ،/ʧʰ/ ،/m/ ،/n/ ،/ŋ/ ،/r/ ،/ṛ/ ،/l/ ،/w/ ،/j/ are articulated as alveolar in Southern Balochi.[16]
Nasalization is phonemic in Eastern Balochi and that caused by the effect of the Indo-Aryan languages, similar to Soleimani dialect that has borrowed a few sounds from them.
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | t̥ | č | k | |
| voiced | b | d | d̥ | J̌ | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | (ƒ) | s | Š | (x) | h | |
| voiced | β | z | ž | (ǧ) | |||
| Nasal | m | n | |||||
| Taps | r | r̥ | |||||
| Glides | w | y | |||||
The consonants /f x ġ/ in the Rakhshani dialect often remain, but in Makrani they become /g/, /k/ or /h/, and /p/, respectively.[13] In addition, /f/ occurs in a few words in Southern Balochi. /x/ (voiceless velar fricative) in some loanwords in Southern Balochi corresponding to /ʁ/ (voiced uvular fricative) in Western Balochi.
Makrani dialect, the presence of minimal pairs such as [iehd] - [iḳd] or [suek] - [suk] easily shows that each compound vowel can be placed as a single, independent phoneme in the center of a syllable and create new word with semantic distinction.[16]
Southern dialects as in Lashari Balochi the place of stress depends on the weight of the syllable.[17]
Makrani dialect uses both head-marking and dependent-marking structures. In this dialect, the verb group can take four types of complements: the noun group, the adjective group, the prepositional group, and the complement clause. The Balochi Makrani dialect uses the adverb of quantity and the prepositional group as descriptors of the core adjective in the adjectival group. The prepositional group is described by adverbs.
These adverbs come before the core preposition.[18] Southern Balochi has genitive singular -ē and the object is marked with: ānā (rā), -ânā, or -ānrā.
| Pronouns | Rakhshani (Western) | Makrani (Southern) |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | من | من |
| 2nd person | تو | تو |
| 3rd person | آ/آئی | آ/آیی |
| 1st person (plural) | ئما/هٔما | مِشما/ما |
| 2nd person (plural) | شما | شما |
| 3rd person (plural) | آوان | آیاں |
| English | Southern Balochi |
|---|---|
| Goodbye | خدا حافظ |
| What is this? | ایں چی اِنت؟ |
| Where is Ali? | علی کجا اِنت؟ |
| This horse is white | ایں اسپ اسپیت ئے |
| Who called me? | کہ منا توار کوتا؟ |
| I am tired | من ژند اں |
| I have two small brothers and sisters | منا دو کسانیں برات ءُ گوار هست |
| English | Makrani | Karachi |
|---|---|---|
| I am Mahnaz. | من مَهناز اں | من مَهناز اں |
| Where are they going? | آ کجا روگ اِنت؟ | آ کجا روگا اِنت؟ |
| What are you doing? | تو چی کنگ ئے؟ | تو چی کنگا ئے؟ |
| Friend, tell me what is happening? | سنگت، منا بہ گوش چی بیگ اِنت؟ | یار، منا بہ گوش چی بوئگا اِنت؟ |
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Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
Phrasebook from WikivoyageSource: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Makrani (Balochi: مکرانی), also referred to as Southern Balochi (زرباری بلۏچی, romanized: Zerbári Balòči), is a variety of the Balochi language spoken in the historical region of Makran (مکران) within Balochistan.
Makrani may refer to: Makrani dialect, a variety of Balochi spoken on the Makran coast of Pakistan and Iran Makrani, a subgroup of the Baloch people in India (in Gujarat), originally from Makran Kadu Makrani (1811-1887), Indian rebel against British rule A person from Makran Region of balochistan
Balochi, also rendered as Baluchi, is a Northwestern Iranian language, spoken by the Baloch people in the Balochistan region of Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan. In addition, there are speakers in Oman, the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Turkmenistan, East Africa, and in diaspora communities of other parts of the world. The total number of speakers, according to Ethnologue, is 8.8 million. Balochi varieties constitute a dialect continuum and collectively at least have 10 million native speakers. The main varieties of Balochi are Eastern (Soleimani), Southern (Makrani) and Western (Rakhshani). Koroshi is a dialect of the Balochi language, spoken mainly in the provinces of Fars and Hormozgan of Iran. However, Josef Elfenbein of Encyclopædia Iranica divides the dialects of the Balochi language into six categories: Rakhshani, Panjguri, Saravani, Lashari, Kechi, and the "Coastal Dialects". According to Brian Spooner:"Literacy for most Baloch-speakers is not in Balochi, but in Urdu in Pakistan and Persian in Afghanistan and Iran. Even now, very few Baloch read Balochi in any of the countries, regardless of the alphabet in which it is printed."Balochi belongs to the Western Iranian subgroup, and its original homeland is suggested to be around the central Caspian region. Balochi uses the letter Waw with a diacritic in its spelling (ۏ).
Koroshi (Koroshi: کوروشی, Balochi: کورۏشی) is a Balochi dialect. The Baloch speakers of Koroshi live in scattered pockets in Southern Iranian Fars province. The number of speakers was estimated to be 1,000 in 2006. According to Ethnologue the dialect has 180 speakers within 40 to 50 families. Entirely isolated from the main body of the Baloch habitat, Koroshi distinguishes itself in grammar and lexicon among Balochi varieties. Glottolog divides the Koroshi into two categories: Coastal Koroshi and Inland Koroshi.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.
