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GREENWOOD / BLACK WALL STREET WILMINGTON 1898 LITTLE ROCK NINE TUSKEGEE STUDY ROSEWOOD 1923 THE TUSKEGEE AIRMEN SENECA VILLAGE BLACK TOWNS GREENWOOD / BLACK WALL STREET WILMINGTON 1898 LITTLE ROCK NINE TUSKEGEE STUDY ROSEWOOD 1923 THE TUSKEGEE AIRMEN SENECA VILLAGE BLACK TOWNS
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THE JOURNEY THROUGH TIME
BHP HOME BEFORE AMERICA 1800–1936 1937–1957 1958–1980 1981–2000 2001–PRESENT

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Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.

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Events

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MY'STORY

The MOVE Fire

This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985 Philadelphia police fired thousands of rounds at the MOVE house, city officials approved dropping an explosive device on the roof, the resulting fire was allowed to burn, 11 people—including five children—died, and 61 homes were destroyed. Philadelphia City Council later called it a “brutal attack carried out by the City of Philadelphia on its own citizens” and acknowledged that no individual faced criminal consequences for the bombing. One timeline correction worth preserving for the BHP record: the major previous MOVE-police confrontation was August 8, 1978, about seven years before the bombing, not a year or two earlier. Officer James Ramp was killed, other police and firefighters were wounded, nine MOVE members were later convicted, and television cameras recorded police beating Delbert Africa during his arrest. The 1985 MOVE Commission later specifically criticized city planners for failing to adequately use lessons from that 1978 confrontation. And that actually strengthens the point you’re making: 1985 did not happen without precedent or institutional memory. There had already been a deadly confrontation with MOVE, years of conflict, negotiations and police involvement before Osage Avenue.

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BLACK FACTS
The Truths They Never Taught You...

Ruler of the Mali Empire in the 14th century

Mansa Musa was the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa. Details recorded here should be sourced; unknown information is left blank.

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Wikipedia

Medical scoring

There are several scoring systems in intensive care units (ICUs) today.

Adult scoring systems

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  • APACHE II was designed to provide a morbidity score for a patient. It is useful to decide what kind of treatment or medicine is given. Methods exist to derive a predicted mortality from this score, but these methods are not too well defined and rather imprecise.
  • SAPS II was designed to provide a predicted mortality, that does not reflect the expected mortality for a particular patient, but is good for benchmarking. In a rather simple way, it makes it possible to provide a single number that describes the morbidity of a number of patients.
  • SAPS III was designed to provide a realistic predicted mortality for a particular patient or a particular group of patients. It does this by calibrating against known mortalities on an existing set of patients, for a specific definition of mortality (like 30-days mortality). This way, it can answer questions like "Did we improve our quality of care from 2004 to 2005?" or "If hospital A's patients had been treated at hospital B, would they have a better or a worse mortality?".

Children scoring systems

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  • PIM2 delivers a predicted mortality value, intended to be used for benchmarking.

Other scoring systems

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  • SOFA was designed to provide a simple daily score, that indicates how the status of the patient evolves over time.
  • Glasgow Coma Scale (also named GCS) is designed to provide the status for the central nervous system. It is often used as part of other scoring systems.
  • FOUR score - 17-point scale for the assessment of level of consciousness. Aims to have higher sensitivity and specificity then GCS, applicable in intubated patients.
  • CMM - Cancer Mortality Model[1]
    • specific score to predict outcome of critical cancer patients
  • MPM - Mortality Probability Model[1][2]
    • model to assess risk of death at ICU admission
    • has prediction models for assessment at admittance, 24h, 48h and 72h after
  • RIFLE - Risk, injury, failure, loss and end-stage kidney classification [2]
    • has 3 severity levels (risk, injury and failure) and 2 possible outcomes (loss and end-stage)
  • CP - Child–Pugh score[2]
    • for patient with liver failure.
    • used also outside of the ICU.
  • Ranson score [2]
    • simple score used specifically for patients with pancreatitis
  • MODS Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score [2]
  • LODS Logistic Organ Dysfunction System [2]
    • developed for evaluation at admittance and not as a monitoring tool
  • APACHE IV[3]
    • used to predict hospital mortality and ICU LOS

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Soares M, Fontes F, Dantas J, Gadelha D, Cariello P, Nardes F, et al. (2004). "Performance of six severity-of-illness scores in cancer patients requiring admission to the intensive care unit: a prospective observational study". Crit Care. 8 (4) R194: R194-203. doi:10.1186/cc2870. PMC 522839. PMID 15312218.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Strand K, Flaatten H (2008). "Severity scoring in the ICU: a review". Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 52 (4): 467–78. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2008.01586.x. PMID 18339152.
  3. ^ Yamin, Shagufta; Vaswani, Ameet Kumar; Afreedi, Masroor (2011). "Predictive efficasy of APACHE IV at ICU.S of CHK". Pakistan Journal of Chest Medicine. 17 (1).

Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.

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Wikipedia

Medical scoring

There are several scoring systems in intensive care units (ICUs) today.

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Wikipedia

United States Medical Licensing Examination

The United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) is a three-step examination program for medical licensure in the United States, sponsored by the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB) and the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME). Individuals with a Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree are required to pass the USMLE for medical licensure. Those with a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree (DO) may take either the COMLEX-USA or the USMLE for medical licensure, with the COMLEX-USA being required for osteopathic licensure. It is a standardized test that assesses a medical student's knowledge of basic science concepts and their application to clinical medicine. The exam is divided into three components required for medical licensure in the United States and is typically taken by students after their second year of medical school. States may enact additional testing and/or licensing requirements.

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Wikipedia

Aldrete's scoring system

Aldrete's scoring system is a commonly used scale for determining when postsurgical patients can be safely discharged from the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU), generally to a second stage (phase II) recovery area, hospital ward, or home. It was devised in 1970 by Jorge Antonio Aldrete, a Mexican anesthesiologist, while working at the Denver Veterans Affairs Hospital.

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Wikipedia

Gleason grading system

The Gleason grading system is used to help evaluate the prognosis of patients with prostate cancer using samples from a prostate biopsy. Together with other parameters, it is incorporated into a strategy of prostate cancer staging which predicts prognosis and helps guide therapy. A Gleason score is given to prostate cancer based upon its microscopic appearance. Cancers with a higher Gleason score are more aggressive and have a worse prognosis. Pathological scores range from 2 to 10, with higher numbers indicating greater risks and higher mortality. The system is widely accepted and used for clinical decision making even as it is recognised that certain biomarkers, like ACP1 expression, might yield higher predictive value for future disease course. The histopathologic diagnosis of prostate cancer has implications for the possibility and methodology of Gleason scoring. For example, it is not recommended in signet-ring adenocarcinoma or urothelial carcinoma of the prostate, and the scoring should discount the foamy cytoplasms seen in foamy gland carcinoma. A total score is calculated based on how cells look under a microscope, with the first half of the score based on the dominant, or most common cell morphology (scored 1 to 5), and the second half based on the non-dominant cell pattern with the highest grade (scored 1 to 5). These two numbers are then combined to produce a total score for the cancer.

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TOPIC OF THE DAY

Greenwood / Black Wall Street

Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.

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TRIVIA QUESTION OF THE DAY

Who became the first Black woman to travel into space?

Mae Jemison, aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992.