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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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In 1968 Shirley Chisholm became the first Black woman elected to the United States Congress. In 1972 she launched a campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination, breaking another political barrier.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
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| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Trade names | Skelaxin |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a682010 |
| License data |
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| Routes of administration | By mouth |
| ATC code |
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| Legal status | |
| Legal status | |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | Unknown |
| Metabolism | Liver |
| Elimination half-life | 9.2 ± 4.8 hours |
| Excretion | Kidney |
| Identifiers | |
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| CAS Number | |
| PubChem CID | |
| IUPHAR/BPS | |
| DrugBank | |
| ChemSpider | |
| UNII | |
| KEGG | |
| ChEMBL | |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.015.253 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C12H15NO3 |
| Molar mass | 221.256 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
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| (verify) | |
Metaxalone, sold under the brand name Skelaxin, is a muscle relaxant medication used to relax muscles and relieve pain caused by strains, sprains, and other musculoskeletal conditions.[1] It is a moderately strong muscle relaxant, with relatively low incidence of side effects.[2][3][4] Its exact mechanism of action is not known, but it may be due to general central nervous system depression.[1] Studies in vitro have shown metaxalone to suppress production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 and increase production of the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-13,[5][6] however it also inhibits MAO-A and this may both contribute to its therapeutic effects and also is linked to toxicity in overdose.[7][8]
Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, and central nervous system (CNS) side effects, such as dizziness, headache, and irritability.[1]
The metabolism of metaxalone involves enzymes CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 in the cytochrome P450 system. [medical citation needed] Because many medications are metabolized by enzymes in this system, precaution must be taken when administering it with other medications involving the P450 system to avoid interactions.[9]
Because of the potential for side effects, this drug is considered high risk in the elderly.[medical citation needed]
Metaxalone exhibits increased bioavailability when taken with food.[10] Specifically, in one study, compared to fasted conditions, the presence of food at the time of drug administration increased Cmax by 77.5%, AUC0-t by 23.5%, and AUC0-∞ by 15.4%.[11] Metaxalone is a substrate of CYP1A2 and CYP2C19, an inhibitor of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A, and an inducer of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4.[9]
Nirogi et al.[11] reported a liquid chromatographic method coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for the quantification of metaxalone in human plasma. A stability-indicating HPLC method was introduced by P. K. Sahu et al.[12] Metaxalone has been used as an internal standard for few analytical methods.[13][14]
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Metaxalone, sold under the brand name Skelaxin, is a muscle relaxant medication used to relax muscles and relieve pain caused by strains, sprains, and other musculoskeletal conditions. It is a moderately strong muscle relaxant, with relatively low incidence of side effects. Its exact mechanism of action is not known, but it may be due to general central nervous system depression. Studies in vitro have shown metaxalone to suppress production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 and increase production of the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-13, however it also inhibits MAO-A and this may both contribute to its therapeutic effects and also is linked to toxicity in overdose. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, and central nervous system (CNS) side effects, such as dizziness, headache, and irritability. The metabolism of metaxalone involves enzymes CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 in the cytochrome P450 system. Because many medications are metabolized by enzymes in this system, precaution must be taken when administering it with other medications involving the P450 system to avoid interactions. Because of the potential for side effects, this drug is considered high risk in the elderly.
Benzodiazepines (BZD, BDZ, BZs), colloquially known as "benzos", are a class of central nervous system (CNS) depressant drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring. They are prescribed to treat conditions such as anxiety disorders, insomnia, and seizures. The first benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and was made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which followed up by developing diazepam (Valium) in 1963. By 1977, benzodiazepines were the most prescribed medications globally. The introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), among other factors, decreased rates of BZD prescription, but they remain frequently used worldwide. Benzodiazepines are depressants that enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the GABAA receptor, resulting in sedative, hypnotic (sleep-inducing), anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties. High doses of many shorter-acting benzodiazepines may also cause anterograde amnesia and dissociation. These properties make benzodiazepines useful in treating severe anxiety, panic disorder, insomnia, agitation, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal and as a premedication for medical or dental procedures. Benzodiazepines are categorized as short, intermediate, and long-acting. Short and intermediate-acting benzodiazepines are preferred for the treatment of insomnia; longer-acting benzodiazepines are recommended for the treatment of anxiety. Benzodiazepines are generally viewed as safe and effective for short-term use of two to four weeks, although cognitive impairment and paradoxical effects such as aggression or behavioral disinhibition can occur. According to the Government of Victoria's (Australia) Department of Health, long-term use can cause "impaired thinking or memory loss, anxiety and depression, irritability, paranoia, aggression, etc." A minority of people have paradoxical reactions after taking benzodiazepines such as worsened agitation or panic. Benzodiazepines are often prescribed for as-needed use, which is under-studied, but is most likely, probably safe and effective to the extent that it involves intermittent short-term use. Benzodiazepines are associated with an increased risk of suicide due to aggression, impulsivity, and negative withdrawal effects. Long-term use is controversial because of concerns about decreasing effectiveness, physical dependence, benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, and an increased risk of dementia and cancer. The elderly are at an increased risk of both short- and long-term adverse effects, and as a result, all benzodiazepines are listed in the Beers List of inappropriate medications for older adults. There is controversy concerning the safety of benzodiazepines during pregnancy. While they are not major teratogens, uncertainty remains as to whether they cause cleft palate in a small number of babies and whether neurobehavioural effects occur as a result of prenatal exposure; they are known to cause withdrawal symptoms in the newborn. An overdose of benzodiazepines can cause dangerous deep unconsciousness, but are less toxic than their predecessors, the barbiturates, and death rarely results when a benzodiazepine is the only drug taken. Combined with other central nervous system (CNS) depressants such as alcohol and opioids, the potential for toxicity and fatal overdose increases significantly. Flumazenil is generally considered a first-line treatment in benzodiazepine overdose, although its usage outside the controllable environment of medical facilities possesses great risk of developing seizures and other life-threating conditions. Benzodiazepines are commonly used recreationally and also often taken in combination with other addictive substances, and are controlled in most countries.
γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), also known as 4-hydroxybutanoic acid, is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter and a depressant drug. It is a precursor to GABA, glutamate, and glycine in certain brain areas. It acts on the GHB receptor and is a weak agonist at the GABAB receptor. GHB has been used in medicine as a general anesthetic and as treatment for cataplexy, narcolepsy, and alcohol use disorder. It is also used illicitly for performance enhancement, date rape, and recreation. It is commonly used in the form of a salt, with the conjugate base of GHB being called γ-hydroxybutyrate or oxybate. The sodium (NaGHB, sodium oxybate, or Xyrem) and potassium (KGHB, potassium oxybate) salts are common. GHB is produced as a result of fermentation, and is found in small quantities in some beers and wines, beef, and small citrus fruits. Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency causes GHB to accumulate in the blood.
Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) is an herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the family Caprifoliaceae, native to Europe and southwestern Asia. It is the type species of the genus Valeriana.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Madam C.J. Walker
