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HIDDEN TRUTHS
GREENWOOD / BLACK WALL STREET WILMINGTON 1898 LITTLE ROCK NINE TUSKEGEE STUDY ROSEWOOD 1923 THE TUSKEGEE AIRMEN SENECA VILLAGE BLACK TOWNS GREENWOOD / BLACK WALL STREET WILMINGTON 1898 LITTLE ROCK NINE TUSKEGEE STUDY ROSEWOOD 1923 THE TUSKEGEE AIRMEN SENECA VILLAGE BLACK TOWNS
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THE JOURNEY THROUGH TIME
BHP HOME BEFORE AMERICA 1800–1936 1937–1957 1958–1980 1981–2000 2001–PRESENT

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MY'STORY

The MOVE Fire

This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985 Philadelphia police fired thousands of rounds at the MOVE house, city officials approved dropping an explosive device on the roof, the resulting fire was allowed to burn, 11 people—including five children—died, and 61 homes were destroyed. Philadelphia City Council later called it a “brutal attack carried out by the City of Philadelphia on its own citizens” and acknowledged that no individual faced criminal consequences for the bombing. One timeline correction worth preserving for the BHP record: the major previous MOVE-police confrontation was August 8, 1978, about seven years before the bombing, not a year or two earlier. Officer James Ramp was killed, other police and firefighters were wounded, nine MOVE members were later convicted, and television cameras recorded police beating Delbert Africa during his arrest. The 1985 MOVE Commission later specifically criticized city planners for failing to adequately use lessons from that 1978 confrontation. And that actually strengthens the point you’re making: 1985 did not happen without precedent or institutional memory. There had already been a deadly confrontation with MOVE, years of conflict, negotiations and police involvement before Osage Avenue.

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BLACK FACTS
The Truths They Never Taught You...

Katherine Johnson — Mathematics to the Moon

Katherine Johnson’s mathematical calculations helped guide some of America’s most important early space missions while she confronted the racial and gender barriers faced by Black women in twentieth-century America.

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BHP gathered finds from its connected research sources. Showing the 4 strongest Black History matches.
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Wikipedia

MiniBooNE

The interior of the MiniBooNE detector.

MiniBooNE is a Cherenkov detector experiment at Fermilab designed to observe neutrino oscillations (BooNE is an acronym for the Booster Neutrino Experiment). A neutrino beam consisting primarily of muon neutrinos is directed at a detector filled with 800 tons of mineral oil (ultrarefined methylene compounds) and lined with 1,280 photomultiplier tubes.[1] An excess of electron neutrino events in the detector would support the neutrino oscillation interpretation of the LSND (Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector) result.

MiniBooNE started collecting data in 2002[2] and was still running in 2017.[3] In May 2018, physicists of the MiniBooNE experiment reported a possible signal indicating the existence of sterile neutrinos.[4]

History and motivation

[edit]

Experimental observation of solar neutrinos and atmospheric neutrinos provided evidence for neutrino oscillations, implying that neutrinos have masses. Data from the LSND experiment at Los Alamos National Laboratory are controversial since they are not compatible with the oscillation parameters measured by other neutrino experiments in the framework of the Standard Model. Either there must be an extension to the Standard Model, or one of the experimental results must have a different explanation. Moreover, the KARMEN experiment in Karlsruhe[5] examined a [low energy] region similar to the LSND experiment, but saw no indications of neutrino oscillations. This experiment was less sensitive than LSND, and both could be right.

Cosmological data can provide an indirect but rather model-dependent bound to the mass of sterile neutrinos, such as the ms < 0.26 eV (0.44 eV) at 95% (99.9%) confidence limit given by Dodelson et al.[6] However, cosmological data can be accommodated within models with different assumptions, such as that by Gelmini et al.[7]

MiniBooNE was designed to unambiguously verify or refute the LSND controversial result in a controlled environment.

2007

[edit]
After the beam was turned on in 2002, the first results came in late March 2007, and showed no evidence for muon neutrino to electron neutrino oscillations in the LSND [low energy] region, refuting a simple 2-neutrino oscillation interpretation of the LSND results.[8] More advanced analyses of their data are currently being undertaken by the MiniBooNE collaboration; early indications are pointing towards the existence of the sterile neutrino,[9] an effect interpreted by some physicists to be hinting of the existence of the bulk[10] or Lorentz violation.[11]

2008

[edit]
A collaboration of MiniBooNE with other scientists a new experiment, called MicroBooNE, was designed to further investigate sterile neutrinos.[12]

2018

[edit]
With a study published on arXiv,[3] the collaboration announced that the finding of neutrino oscillations at MiniBooNE are confirmed at a 4.8 sigma level and, when combined with data at LSND, at a 6.1 sigma level. This hints at the detection of sterile neutrinos and a significant deviation from known physics.[13] The implication of the paper is that some of the muon neutrinos are flipping to sterile neutrinos before switching identity again to electron neutrinos.[14]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Detector". MiniBooNE Experiment Details. Fermilab. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
  2. ^ "MiniBooNE website".
  3. ^ a b The MiniBooNE Collaboration (May 2018). "Significant Excess of Electronlike Events in the MiniBooNE Short-Baseline Neutrino Experiment". Physical Review Letters. 121 (22) 221801. arXiv:1805.12028. Bibcode:2018PhRvL.121v1801A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.221801. PMID 30547637. S2CID 53999758.
  4. ^ June 2018, Rafi Letzter 01 (2018-06-01). "A Major Physics Experiment Just Detected a Particle That Shouldn't Exist". livescience.com. Retrieved 2021-09-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ "KARMEN experiment" (Press release). 3 August 2011.{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  6. ^ S. Dodelson; A. Melchiorri; A. Slosar (2006). "Is cosmology compatible with sterile neutrinos?". Physical Review Letters. 97 (4): 04301. arXiv:astro-ph/0511500. Bibcode:2006PhRvL..97d1301D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.041301. PMID 16907563. S2CID 18263443.
  7. ^ G. Gelmini; S. Palomares-Ruiz & S. Pascoli (2004). "Low reheating temperature and the visible sterile neutrino". Physical Review Letters. 93 (8) 081302. arXiv:astro-ph/0403323. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..93h1302G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.081302. PMID 15447171. S2CID 13111683.
  8. ^ A. A. Aguilar-Arevalo; et al. (MiniBooNE Collaboration) (2007). "A Search for Electron Neutrino Appearance at the Δm2 ~ 1 eV2 Scale". Physical Review Letters. 98 (23) 231801. arXiv:0704.1500. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98w1801A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.231801. PMID 17677898. S2CID 119315296.
  9. ^ M. Alpert (August 2007). "Dimensional Shortcuts". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 2013-01-24. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
  10. ^ H. Päs; S. Pakvasa; T.J. Weiler (2007). "Shortcuts in extra dimensions and neutrino physics". AIP Conference Proceedings. 903: 315–318. arXiv:hep-ph/0611263. Bibcode:2007AIPC..903..315P. doi:10.1063/1.2735188. S2CID 6745718.
  11. ^ T. Katori; V.A. Kostelecky; R. Tayloe (2006). "Global three-parameter model for neutrino oscillations using Lorentz violation". Physical Review D. 74 (10) 105009. arXiv:hep-ph/0606154. Bibcode:2006PhRvD..74j5009K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.74.105009. S2CID 6459548.
  12. ^ M. Alpert (September 2008). "Fermilab Looks for Visitors from Another Dimension". Scientific American. Retrieved 2008-09-23.
  13. ^ Letzter, Rafi (1 June 2018). "A Major Physics Experiment Just Detected A Particle That Shouldn't Exist". LiveScience. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
  14. ^ Has US physics lab found a new particle?. Paul Rincon, BBC News. 6 June 2018.
[edit]

41°50′17″N 88°16′10″W / 41.8380722°N 88.269513°W / 41.8380722; -88.269513

Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.

Wikipedia

MiniBooNE

MiniBooNE is a Cherenkov detector experiment at Fermilab designed to observe neutrino oscillations (BooNE is an acronym for the Booster Neutrino Experiment). A neutrino beam consisting primarily of muon neutrinos is directed at a detector filled with 800 tons of mineral oil (ultrarefined methylene compounds) and lined with 1,280 photomultiplier tubes. An excess of electron neutrino events in the detector would support the neutrino oscillation interpretation of the LSND (Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector) result. MiniBooNE started collecting data in 2002 and was still running in 2017. In May 2018, physicists of the MiniBooNE experiment reported a possible signal indicating the existence of sterile neutrinos.

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Wikipedia

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL; branded as Fermilab) is a national laboratory for high-energy particle physics, located in Winfield, Illinois, United States, near Chicago. It is sponsored by the United States Department of Energy and operated by the University of Chicago through the subordinate Fermi Forward Discovery Group LLC. Fermilab's Main Injector, two miles (3.3 km) in circumference, is the laboratory's most powerful particle accelerator. The accelerator complex that feeds the Main Injector is under upgrade, and construction of the first building for the new PIP-II linear accelerator began in 2020. Until 2011, Fermilab was the home of the 6.28 km (3.90 mi) circumference Tevatron accelerator. The ring-shaped tunnels of the Tevatron and the Main Injector are visible from the air and by satellite. Fermilab aims to become a world center in neutrino physics. It is the host of the multi-billion dollar Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) now under construction. The project has suffered delays and, in 2022, the journals Science and Scientific American each published articles describing the project as "troubled". Ongoing neutrino experiments are ICARUS (Imaging Cosmic and Rare Underground Signals) and NOνA (NuMI Off-Axis νe Appearance). Completed neutrino experiments include MINOS (Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search), MINOS+, MiniBooNE and SciBooNE (SciBar Booster Neutrino Experiment) and MicroBooNE (Micro Booster Neutrino Experiment). On-site experiments outside of the neutrino program include the SeaQuest fixed-target experiment and Muon g-2. Fermilab continues to participate in the work at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC); it serves as a Tier 1 site in the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid. Fermilab also pursues research in quantum information science. It founded the Fermilab Quantum Institute in 2019. Since 2020, it also is home to the SQMS (Superconducting Quantum Materials and Systems) Center. Due to serious performance issues over the period of a decade, the Department of Energy established new management for Fermilab on January 1, 2025. Fermilab is currently managed by the Fermi Forward Discovery Group, LLC (FFDG). This consortium is led by the 2007-2024 management group, the Fermi Research Alliance (FRA), with Amentum Environment & Energy, Inc., and Longenecker & Associates as new additions. Due to the management crisis, the Director of the Laboratory, Lia Merminga, resigned on January 13, 2025 and is temporarily replaced by Acting Director Young-Kee Kim, from the University of Chicago. Fermilab is a part of the Illinois Technology and Research Corridor. Argonne National Laboratory, which is another US DOE national laboratory, is located approximately 20 miles (30 kilometers) away.

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Wikipedia

Hadron Production Experiment

HARP, the Hadron Production Experiment, also referred to as the PS214 experiment, at the Proton Synchrotron was a physics experiment at CERN that took data from 2000 through 2002. Its goal was to systematically study hadron production on a wide variety of nuclear targets. The data is used to help predict neutrino fluxes at experiments such as MiniBooNE and K2K, to understand the atmospheric neutrino flux, and to tune Monte Carlo simulations of particle production.

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Wikipedia

Accelerator Neutrino Neutron Interaction Experiment

The Accelerator Neutrino Neutron Interaction Experiment (ANNIE) is a water Cherenkov detector experiment designed to examine the nature of neutrino interactions. This experiment studies phenomena like proton decay, and neutrino oscillations, by analyzing neutrino interactions in gadolinium-loaded water and measuring their neutron yield. Neutron Tagging plays an important role in background rejection from atmospheric neutrinos. By implementing early prototypes of LAPPDs (Large Area Picosecond Photodetector), high precision timing is possible. The suggested location for ANNIE is the SciBooNE hall on the Booster Neutrino Beam associated with the MiniBooNE experiment. The neutrino beam originates in Fermilab where The Booster delivers 8 GeV protons to a beryllium target producing secondary pions and kaons. These secondary mesons decay to produce a neutrino beam with an average energy of around 800 MeV. ANNIE began installation in the summer of 2015. Phase I of ANNIE, mapping the neutron background, completed in 2017. The detector was upgraded for full science operation (so-called Phase II) in July 2019 and data collection began in 2020.

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TOPIC OF THE DAY

Greenwood / Black Wall Street

Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.

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TRIVIA QUESTION OF THE DAY

What prosperous Tulsa district became widely known as “Black Wall Street”?

The Greenwood District.