Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
About two-thirds of Western Sahara, a UN-designated non-self-governing territory in the Maghreb, has been illegally annexed and occupied by Morocco since 1975 amid the Western Sahara War. It was illegally annexed by Morocco in two stages in 1976 and 1979. The occupied territories are administered as integral parts of Morocco, and state-sponsored settlement programs exist to relocate Moroccans to Western Sahara. The Moroccan government uses the terminology southern provinces or Moroccan Sahara to refer to the occupied territory. These designations specifically encompass the entirety of Western Sahara, spanning three of Morocco's 12 top-level administrative regions. Such terminology is often used in Moroccan mass media and state media, while the nomenclature associated with the Polisario Front and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is censored and sometimes penalized.
A series of youth-led demonstrations took place in Morocco between 27 September and 18 October 2025. Organized by decentralized, anonymous collectives known as GenZ 212 and Moroccan Youth Voice (Arabic: صوت شباب المغرب, romanized: ṣawt šabāb al-Maḡrib), the protests demanded significant improvements to public education and healthcare, while criticizing government focus on international sporting events like the 2030 FIFA World Cup and the 2025 Africa Cup of Nations. They were the largest protests since the 2011–2012 Moroccan protests. Following the protests, the Moroccan government implemented a set of reforms intended to enhance political participation and improve social services, these reforms were already part of a multi-year government fiscal and budgetary reforms and the protests coincided with a routine Council of Ministers that approved the latter measures. Among the political measures were bills aimed at encouraging citizens under the age of 35 to engage in political life, including provisions to ease eligibility requirements and to subsidize up to 75 percent of campaign expenses. In the social sector, the 2026 finance bill proposed an allocation of approximately US$15 billion for health and education, representing a 16 percent increase from the previous year. The protests largely failed to realize their main objectives.
Morocco has a developing market economy. Since 1993, in line with many Western world changes, it has followed a policy of privatisation. Morocco is the 5th largest African economy by GDP and seventh-highest GDP in the Arab world, despite not being an energy-producing country. Over the period 1971 and 2024, Morocco had annual GDP growth of 4.1334% and per-capita GDP growth of 2.3365%. Moreover, Morocco has a 5% projected 2026 GDP growth and 210 billion USD according to the IMF The economic system of the country demonstrated resilience to the climate, commodity, and pandemic shocks of the early 2020s. Since the early-1980s, the Moroccan government has pursued an economic programme toward accelerating economic growth. From 2018, the country's currency, the Moroccan dirham, is fully convertible for current account transactions; reforms of the financial sector have been implemented. The services sector accounts for just over half of the GDP. The industry sector– consisting of mining, construction and manufacturing – is an additional quarter. The sectors that recorded the highest growth are the tourism, telecommunications, and textile sectors. Morocco, however, still depends to an inordinate degree on agriculture, which accounts for around 10.7% of GDP but employs 26.6% of the working population. With a semi-arid climate, it is difficult to assure good rainfall and GDP growth varies depending on the weather. Fiscal prudence has allowed for consolidation, with both the budget deficit and debt falling as a percentage of GDP. Major resources of the Moroccan economy include agriculture, tourism and Manufacturing. Industry and mining contribute about one-third of the annual GDP. Morocco is the world's third-largest producer of phosphates (after the United States and China), and the price fluctuations of phosphates on the international market can have great influence on Morocco's economy. The fishery sector is important as well, while workers' remittances have played a critical role since independence. The high cost of imports, especially of Fossil fuels, is a major problem. External debt remains relatively low, increasing from 42.6% of GDP in 2024 to 45.1% in 2025, as the current account deficit widened and reserves accumulation accelerated, and is expected to stabilize at around 43% of GDP in the medium term.
This article lists political parties in Morocco. Morocco has operated under a multi-party system since 1956. Numerous political parties exist, representing a wide range of ideologies, from the far left to parties with Islamist orientations. The Moroccan electoral system encourages the formation of coalition governments. Under the Constitution, the Head of Government is appointed by the King from the political party that wins the largest number of seats in the House of Representatives following parliamentary elections. The King then appoints the members of the government upon proposal of the Head of Government. Morocco considers the disputed territory of Western Sahara to be part of its Southern Provinces. Political parties operating in Morocco are therefore also active in the areas of the territory administered by the Moroccan government.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →The Greenwood District.
