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In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
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MouseText is a set of 32 graphical characters designed by Bruce Tognazzini and first implemented in the Apple IIc. They were then added to the Apple IIe forming part of the Enhanced IIe upgrade. A slightly revised version was then released with the Apple IIGS.
By including box-drawing characters, MouseText made it possible to display simple text user interfaces resembling the Macintosh graphical user interface. Since the Apples lacked the ability to display user-defined characters in text mode, all GUI-like displays beyond crude ASCII art approximations had to use the slower and more memory-hungry graphical mode before MouseText was available. MouseText resulted in an eightfold increase in display speed for mouse applications, bringing such text-based applications as word processors up to the same speed as the original Macintosh. Word processors running on the two computers would not be confused with one another, however, as the mouse under MouseText would move in discrete jumps from character cell to character cell, rather than the smooth movement of the Macintosh, and text was still monospaced.
The original version of MouseText in the Apple IIc included a depiction of a figure running, perhaps to portray the action of running a program. This icon was later found to be unnecessary, and Tognazzini sent a letter to Call-A.P.P.L.E. magazine warning developers not to use them, as they would be replaced.[1]
The MouseText characters replaced a redundant set of inverse uppercase characters (@,A..Z,[,\,],^,_) in the Alternate character set.
There are two main ways to put MouseText characters on the screen.
For example, in Applesoft BASIC the following code fragment will display the MouseText representation of a folder:
]PR#3
]INVERSE : PRINT CHR$(27);"XY";CHR$(24); : NORMAL
Version 13.0 of the Unicode Standard, released March 2020, includes all of the MouseText characters except the two Apple logos, mostly in the Symbols for Legacy Computing block.[2][3]
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4x | �[a] | �[a] | 🮰 | ⌛︎ | ✓ | 🮱 | 🮲 | 🮳 | ← | … | ↓ | ↑ | 🭶 | ↵ | ▉ | 🮵 |
| 5x | 🮶 | 🮷 | 🮸 | 🭸 | 🭼 | → | 🮖 | 🮕 | 🮹 | 🮺 | ▕ | ◆ | 🮀 | 🮻 | 🮼 | ▏ |
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4x | �[a] | �[a] | 🮰 | ⌛︎ | ✓ | 🮱 | 🮴 | 🮁 | ← | … | ↓ | ↑ | 🭶 | ↵ | ▉ | 🮵 |
| 5x | 🮶 | 🮷 | 🮸 | 🭸 | 🭼 | → | 🮖 | 🮕 | 🮹 | 🮺 | ▕ | ◆ | 🮀 | 🮻 | 🮼 | ▏ |
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
MouseText is a set of 32 graphical characters designed by Bruce Tognazzini and first implemented in the Apple IIc. They were then added to the Apple IIe forming part of the Enhanced IIe upgrade. A slightly revised version was then released with the Apple IIGS. By including box-drawing characters, MouseText made it possible to display simple text user interfaces resembling the Macintosh graphical user interface. Since the Apples lacked the ability to display user-defined characters in text mode, all GUI-like displays beyond crude ASCII art approximations had to use the slower and more memory-hungry graphical mode before MouseText was available. MouseText resulted in an eightfold increase in display speed for mouse applications, bringing such text-based applications as word processors up to the same speed as the original Macintosh. Word processors running on the two computers would not be confused with one another, however, as the mouse under MouseText would move in discrete jumps from character cell to character cell, rather than the smooth movement of the Macintosh, and text was still monospaced.
ProTERM is a terminal emulator and modem program for the Apple II and Macintosh lines of personal computers, published by Intrec Software. Most popular in the late 1980s and 1990s, it was most commonly used for calling bulletin board systems (BBSes) via a computer's modem, experienced users could also Telnet into Unix server and shell account thereon and FTP and tunneling to various destinations therefrom, and once logged into a Unix shell account, other forms of telecom all across the pre-Web Internet; via VT100 terminal emulator or ANSI art, this later ushered in Graphics to the scene. The macro Language automated a lot of this process and the ProTERM user could code macros to log in and perform Unix functions in Bash or Bourne shell making this a very powerful terminal emulator, capable of manipulating mainframes and "hacking" into the heart of the internet at low and high levels. ProTERM was rich in features such as an extensive "scrollback" buffer limited only by the computer's memory, an optional mouse-based interface in the Apple II version (standard on the Mac), an easy-to-use and very powerful text editor, auto learning macros, and a variety of terminal emulations such as VT100, ANSI and the powerful but proprietary "ProTERM Special Emulation" (also referred to as: PSE or PTSE) which used Apple's semi graphical MouseText character set. Supported file transfer protocols ranged from Kermit and Xmodem to Ymodem (Batch, 4K and G) and Zmodem (Batch Selections). One feature of ProTERM Mac was the C-like scripting or macro language embedded inside ProTERM, allowing users to code and run ProTERM automatically. ProTERM could also be programmed to log in and execute command-line interface commands on the host machine, effectively controlling it remotely. The latest published versions of ProTERM were v3.1 for the Apple II and v1.5 for the Macintosh. On January 3, 2009, the most recent Apple II version, 3.1, was relicensed as freeware and is now available for download Archived 2013-01-01 at the Wayback Machine.
Symbols for Legacy Computing is a Unicode block containing graphic characters that were used for various home computers from the 1970s and 1980s and in teletext broadcasting standards. It includes characters from the Amstrad CPC, MSX, Mattel Aquarius, RISC OS, MouseText, Atari ST, TRS-80 Color Computer, Oric, Texas Instruments TI-99/4A, TRS-80, Minitel, Teletext, ATASCII, PETSCII, ZX80, and ZX81 character sets. Semigraphics characters are also included in the form of new block-shaped characters, line-drawing characters, and 60 "sextant" characters (semigraphic character made up of six smaller blocks, also known as alpha-mosaic characters). Additional characters were added to this block in Unicode 16.0 as well. A supplemental block (Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement) was added with Unicode 16.0.
The Apple IIe (styled as Apple //e) is the third model in the Apple II series of personal computers produced by Apple Computer. It was released in January 1983 as the successor to the Apple II Plus. The e in the name stands for enhanced. It is the first Apple II with built-in lowercase, 80-column text support and 64K RAM standard, while reducing the total chip count from previous models by approximately 75%. Improved expandability combined with the new features made for an attractive general-purpose machine to first-time computer shoppers. As the last surviving model of the Apple II computer line before discontinuation, and having been manufactured and sold for nearly 11 years with relatively few changes, the IIe was the longest-lived computer in Apple's history.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →The Greenwood District.
