Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
q2K BHP
Black History Portal
THE BHP WIRE —
HIDDEN TRUTHS
What's New!
Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
 | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
|
DNA-OS is a French-made operating system to supersede MutekA,[1] an obsolete operating system, while still providing POSIX thread API. As said on the SoCLib website, "It is a kernel-mode lightweight operating system for Multiprocessor System on a Chip. It is built on top of a thin HAL to ease porting on new platforms and processor architecture. DNA/OS does not support virtual memory."
DNA-OS is a layered microkernel operating system, written in C99, released under the GNU GPLv3 license.[2]
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
DNA-OS is a French-made operating system to supersede MutekA, an obsolete operating system, while still providing POSIX thread API. As said on the SoCLib website, "It is a kernel-mode lightweight operating system for Multiprocessor System on a Chip. It is built on top of a thin HAL to ease porting on new platforms and processor architecture. DNA/OS does not support virtual memory." DNA-OS is a layered microkernel operating system, written in C99, released under the GNU GPLv3 license.
Optical network-on-chip (ONoC) is a new type of network on chip (NoC) for multiprocessor system-on-chip. While traditional NoC relies on electrical signals to transfer information, hence called electrical network-on-chip (ENoC), its performance and energy efficiency are bound by the significantly unbalanced scaling of on-chip global metal wires comparing to transistors. Optical telecommunications have been successful in many networking domains to replace electrical telecommunications. Riding on the achievements of photonic technologies, a wide range of studies have been done on ONoC.
A multi-core processor (MCP) is a microprocessor on a single integrated circuit (IC) with two or more separate central processing units (CPUs), called cores to emphasize their multiplicity (for example, dual-core or quad-core). Each core reads and executes program instructions, specifically ordinary CPU instructions (such as add, move data, and branch). However, the MCP can run instructions on separate cores at the same time, increasing overall speed for programs that support multithreading or other parallel computing techniques. Manufacturers typically integrate the cores onto a single IC die, known as a chip multiprocessor (CMP), or onto multiple dies in a single chip package. As of 2024, the microprocessors used in almost all new personal computers are multi-core. A multi-core processor implements multiprocessing in a single physical package. Designers may couple cores in a multi-core device tightly or loosely. For example, cores may or may not share caches, and they may implement message passing or shared-memory inter-core communication methods. Common network topologies used to interconnect cores include bus, ring, two-dimensional mesh, and crossbar. Homogeneous multi-core systems include only identical cores; heterogeneous multi-core systems have cores that are not identical (e.g. big.LITTLE have heterogeneous cores that share the same instruction set, while AMD Accelerated Processing Units have cores that do not share the same instruction set). Just as with single-processor systems, cores in multi-core systems may implement architectures such as VLIW, superscalar, vector, or multithreading. Multi-core processors are widely used across many application domains, including general-purpose, embedded, network, digital signal processing (DSP), and graphics (GPU). Core count goes up to even dozens, and for specialized chips over 10,000, and in supercomputers (i.e. clusters of chips) the count can go over 10 million (and in one case up to 20 million processing elements total in addition to host processors). The improvement in performance gained by the use of a multi-core processor depends very much on the software algorithms used and their implementation. In particular, possible gains are limited by the fraction of the software that can run in parallel simultaneously on multiple cores; this effect is described by Amdahl's law. In the best case, so-called embarrassingly parallel problems may realize speedup factors near the number of cores, or even more if the problem is split up enough to fit within each core's cache(s), avoiding use of much slower main-system memory. Most applications, however, are not accelerated as much unless programmers invest effort in refactoring. The parallelization of software is a significant ongoing topic of research. Cointegration of multiprocessor applications provides flexibility in network architecture design. Adaptability within parallel models is an additional feature of systems utilizing these protocols. In the consumer market, dual-core processors (that is, microprocessors with two units) started becoming commonplace on personal computers in the late 2000s. In the early 2010s, quad-core processors were also being adopted in that era for higher-end systems before becoming standard by the mid 2010s. In the late 2010s, hexa-core (six cores) started entering the mainstream and since the early 2020s has overtaken quad-core in many spaces.
Multiprocessing (MP) is the use of two or more central processing units (CPUs) within one computer system. The term also refers to the ability of a system to support more than one processor or the ability to allocate tasks between them. Many variants of this basic theme exist, and the definition of multiprocessing can vary with context, mostly as a function of how a processor is defined (multi-core processors (multiple cores) on one die, multiple dies in one chip carrier (package), multiple packages in one computer case (system unit), etc.). A multiprocessor is a computer system having two or more CPUs (processors: multiple processors) each sharing main memory and peripherals, to simultaneously process programs. A 2009 textbook defined multiprocessor system similarly, but noted that the processors may share "some or all of the system's memory and I/O facilities"; it also gave tightly coupled system as a synonymous term. At the operating system level, multiprocessing is sometimes used to refer to the execution of multiple concurrent processes in a system, with each process running on a separate CPU or core, in contrast to one process at any one instant. When used with this definition, multiprocessing is sometimes contrasted with multitasking, which may use only one processor but switch it in time slices between tasks (i.e., a time-sharing system). In contrast, multiprocessing means true parallel execution of multiple processes using more than one processor. Multiprocessing doesn't necessarily mean that one process or task uses more than one processor simultaneously; the term parallel processing is generally used to denote that practice. Other authors prefer to refer to the operating system techniques as multiprogramming and reserve the term multiprocessing for the hardware aspect of having more than one processor. The remainder of this article discusses multiprocessing only in this hardware sense. In Flynn's taxonomy, multiprocessors as defined above are Multiple instruction, multiple data (MIMD) machines. As the term "multiprocessor" normally refers to tightly coupled systems in which all processors share memory, multiprocessors are not the entire class of MIMD machines, which also contains message passing multicomputer systems.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.
