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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
The term mutual exchange describes the ability of two (or more) tenants in the public housing sector to move house by swapping their homes. Mutual exchange is possible in some countries, such as the UK and Sweden.[1][2] Other terms used for this are "home swap" or "homeswap".
To move home, both tenants must have permission of their landlords. Landlords will normally only grant an exchange if a number of criteria are met. These include:
A mutual exchange may involve more than two tenants. The largest reported swap in England has involved a group of 6 tenants swapping their homes between them.[4]
Precise details of the criteria used for home exchanges can be found by a tenant from a their landlord, and some will identify free resources, such as websites, to help their tenants pair up to make a swap. (e.g.[5]).
Examples of Mutual Exchange services:
https://www.homeswapper.co.uk
https://www.swapandmove.co.uk
https://www.houseexchange.org.uk
https://www.gumtree.com/home-swap
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
The term mutual exchange describes the ability of two (or more) tenants in the public housing sector to move house by swapping their homes. Mutual exchange is possible in some countries, such as the UK and Sweden. Other terms used for this are "home swap" or "homeswap".
The terms pre-cell (precell), proto-cell (protocell), etc. are frequently used to designate hypothetical ancestral entities precursing complete cells. The meanings of these terms vary with the different hypotheses for the early evolution of life and, accordingly, with the corresponding publications. There are different hypotheses attempting to explain the origin of the three domains of life (Woese et al. 1990) from a last universal common ancestor (LUCA). The nature of this ancestral entity remains a major subject of discussion. Under the RNA world hypothesis (replication-first scenario), over a precellular and early-cellular phase, the earliest self-replicating biological systems were based on catalytic RNA evolving stage by stage to a nearly complete ancestral cell, the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) from which the three domains of life emerged. This ancestral cell (sometimes also called pre-cell or proto-cell), a hypothetical lipid-based structure, could have confined RNA in ancient times. This structure allowed the RNA to remain in close proximity with other RNA molecules, keeping them concentrated and allowing for an increased reaction rate of enzymes. It would have had semi-permeable membranes, allowing only certain molecules to pass through. These enclosed structures may have facilitated natural selection in RNA molecules. Under the pre-cell theory (Kandler 1994ff), based on the Iron-Sulfur world hypothesis (metabolism-first scenario), primordial metabolism led to the early diversification of life through the evolution of a multiphenotypical population of pre-cells, defined by Kandler as metabolizing, replicating loose entities exhibiting many of the basic properties of a cell but no proper cytoplasmic membrane and no stable chromosome, thus allowing frequent mutual exchange of genetic information. From this pre-cell population the three founder groups A, B, C and then, from them, the precursor cells (here named proto-cells) of the three domains of life emerged successively, leading first to the domain Bacteria, then to the domain Archea, and finally to the domain Eukarya. Thus, under this scenario there was no almost complete ancestral “first cell“ or cell stage. Instead, the three domains originated from a population of evolving pre-cells. The emergence of cells was a process of successive evolutionary improvements, for which Kandler introduced the term cellularization. A scheme of the pre-cell scenario is presented in the adjacent figure, where essential evolutionary improvements are indicated by numbers: "(1) Reductive formation of organic compounds from CO or CO2 by Me-sulfur coordinative chemistry; (2) tapping of various redox energy sources and formation of primitive enzymes and templates; (3) elements of a transcription and translation apparatus and loose associations; (4) formation of pre-cells; (5) stabilized circular or linear genomes; (6) cytoplasmic membranes; (7) rigid murein cell walls; (8) various non-murein rigid cell walls; (9) glycoproteinaceous cell envelope or glycokalyx; (10) cytoskeleton; (11) complex chromosomes and nuclear membrane; (12) cell organelles via endosymbiosis".: 22 This scenario may explain the quasi-random distribution of evolutionarily important features among the three domains and, at the same time, the existence of the most basic biochemical features (genetic code, set of protein amino acids etc.) in all three domains (unity of life), as well as the close relationship between the Archaea and the Eukarya. Kandler's pre-cell theory is supported by Wächtershäuser. According to Wächtershäuser, pre-cells had a membrane composed of mixed-enantiomer lipid molecules. As natural selection proceeded, pre-cells may have developed stereospecific lipid membranes through frequent fission and fusion of racemic pre-cells. For more theories on the evolution of cells, see the main article History of life (examples under section "Replication first: RNA world").
Saint George's Day (Catalan: Diada de Sant Jordi), also known as the Day of Books and Roses (Dia del Llibre i de la Rosa), is celebrated annually in Catalonia (Spain) on 23 April. Saint George (Catalan: Sant Jordi) is the patron saint of Catalonia in a tradition established in the Middle Ages. Despite being a working day, it is one of Catalonia’s national holidays due to its overwhelming popularity and cultural significance. It is also celebrated, to a lesser extent, in Northern Catalonia (France), in Andorra, and in some other areas of Spain. On this day, love and literature are widely celebrated throughout Catalonia. Books and roses are exchanged, whether between sweethearts, family and loved ones, or among friends. Traditionally, men gave women a red rose (often combined with an ear of wheat), and women gave men a book, however, in modern times the mutual exchange of books and roses regardless of gender is also customary. Therefore, the festival roughly serves to the similar romantic purpose of Valentine's Day in Anglophone countries.
The Fulbright Program, including the Fulbright–Hays Program, is one of several United States cultural exchange programs with the goal of improving intercultural relations, cultural diplomacy, and intercultural competence between the people of the United States and other countries through the mutual exchange of persons, knowledge, and skills. The program was founded by United States senator J. William Fulbright in 1946, and has been considered to be one of the most prestigious scholarships in the United States. The program allows both competitively selected American citizens (including students, scholars, teachers, professionals, scientists, and artists) to receive scholarships or grants to study, conduct research, teach, or exercise their talents abroad; and citizens of other countries to do the same in the United States. The program provides approximately 8,000 grants annually, comprising roughly 1,600 grants to U.S. students, 1,200 to U.S. scholars, 4,000 to foreign students, 900 to foreign visiting scholars, and several hundred to teachers and professionals. The Fulbright Program is administered by cooperating organizations such as the Institute of International Education and operates in over 160 countries around the world. The Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the U.S. Department of State sponsors the Fulbright Program and receives funding from the United States Congress via annual appropriation bills. Additional direct and in-kind support comes from partner governments, foundations, corporations, and host institutions both in and outside the U.S. In 49 countries, a bi-national Fulbright Commission administers and oversees the Fulbright Program. In countries that have an active program but no Fulbright Commission, the Public Affairs Section of the U.S. embassy oversees the Fulbright Program. More than 370,000 people have participated in the program since it began: of these alumni, 63 have been awarded a Nobel Prize, and 93 have won Pulitzer Prizes.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.