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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Mansa Musa was the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa. Details recorded here should be sourced; unknown information is left blank.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| 国家重点大学 | |
| Successor | Project 211, Double First-Class Construction |
|---|---|
| Formation | 1954 |
Region served | China |
| Members | over 90 public universities nationwide |
| National Key Universities | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simplified Chinese | 国家重点大学 | ||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 國家重點大學 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
National Key Universities (Chinese: 国家重点大学; pinyin: guójiā zhòngdiǎn dàxué) is a term previously used to refer to universities recognized as prestigious and which received a high level of support from the central government of the People's Republic of China.[1] The term is no longer in official use by 1990s.[2][3] The term "zhòngdiǎn" (重点), translated here as "key" in this phrase can also be translated as "major", "priority" or "focal".[4] The term "National Key Universities" then became defunct, and these schools are now normally referred to as "Double First Class Universities", based on the China state Double First-Class Construction.[2][5] However, it remains part of the vernacular, as evidenced by some Chinese media articles which still refer to "National Key Universities".[1][6]
In December 1954, six schools were first designated by the Ministry of Education as national key universities: Peking University, Tsinghua University, Renmin University of China, Harbin Institute of Technology, Beijing Medical College, and Beijing University of Agriculture.[7][8]
A list of 20 National Key Universities was subsequently identified by the Chinese government in 1959,[7] and included Peking University, Tsinghua University, University of Science and Technology of China, Renmin University, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing Normal University, Beijing Institute of Aeronautics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing Medical University, Fudan University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, East China Normal University, Shanghai First Medical College, Tianjin University, Harbin Institute of Technology, Xi'an Jiao Tong University and Northwestern Polytechnical University.[9]
By the end of 1960, another 44 universities were added into the list, which amounted to 64 national key universities.[7][10] By the end of 1965, there were 68 National Key Universities,[11] including Zhejiang University, Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing University, Sun Yat-sen University, Southeast University, Tongji University, Wuhan University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Nankai University, Xiamen University, South China University of Technology, Sichuan University, Shandong University, Jilin University, Lanzhou University, Dalian University of Technology, Chongqing University, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Northeastern University, Beijing Forestry University, and Shandong Ocean College among others.[12]
By 1978, there were 88 National Key Universities, including Minzu University of China and Hunan University.[10][12] From 1978 to 1981, another 11 national key higher education institutions were successively added and restored, including Southern Medical University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Beijing Language and Culture University and Northwest A&F University among others.[7][13]
The Chinese government made several batches of national key universities in history (from 1950s to 1980s).[14] From 1954 to the 1980s, 99 national key universities were identified (some have been merged into other universities).[7] The current project, established in 2015, is the Double First-Class Construction to create world-class universities by 2050.[14] In October 2015, the State Council of People's Republic of China published the 'Overall Plan for Promoting the Construction of World First-Class Universities and First-Class Disciplines (Double First-Class University Plan)', which made new arrangements for the development of higher education in China, replacing previous projects of Chinese higher education. A total of 140 Double First Class Universities were approved to be included in the state Double First-Class Construction by the central government of China in 2017, representing the top 5% of the higher education institutions (3,012) in this country.[15][5]
As of February 2022, the 147 Double First Class Universities are considered as the most elite part of higher education in Mainland China.[16]
In 1954, HIT was on the list of "first national key construction six universities." It was the only university chosen from outside of Beijing.
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
National Key Universities (Chinese: 国家重点大学; pinyin: guójiā zhòngdiǎn dàxué) is a term previously used to refer to universities recognized as prestigious and which received a high level of support from the central government of the People's Republic of China. The term is no longer in official use by 1990s. The term "zhòngdiǎn" (重点), translated here as "key" in this phrase can also be translated as "major", "priority" or "focal". The term "National Key Universities" then became defunct, and these schools are now normally referred to as "Double First Class Universities", based on the China state Double First-Class Construction. However, it remains part of the vernacular, as evidenced by some Chinese media articles which still refer to "National Key Universities".
National key academies, universities (Vietnamese: Đại học, Học viện trọng điểm quốc gia) are Vietnam's national (so-called leading regional and national) universities, colleges, research-oriented institutes and academies which are given priority by the government to autonomy such as: be self-printed and doctoral degrees; have full authority to send officials to study abroad, except for cases of studying with the state budget; be actively invited and receive lecturers and foreign students to study and teach; It is suggested to open training disciplines not included in the training list. In addition, the Principal will decide the budget for equipment investment and capital construction without having to go through the Ministry of Education and Training of Vietnam. Currently, in Vietnam, there are 20 higher education institutions selected to be built into national key universities including 2 national university systems, 3 regional university systems and 14 specialized universities and academies according to fields and key national branches. According to the government's plan, national key research universities will be built with advanced training and research qualifications to be the driving force for the development of Vietnam's university network. More than 75% of teaching staff will have a doctorate level.
As of 2023, Hunan hosts 137 institutions of higher education, ranking fifth together with Sichuan (137) among all Chinese provinces after Jiangsu (168), Henan (168), Guangdong (162), and Shandong (156). Hunan is also the seat of 12 adult higher education institutions. Two major cities in Hunan (Changsha and Xiangtan) were ranked in the top 200 cities in the world by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index in 2024. There are three national key universities under Project 985 (Hunan University, Central South University and the National University of Defense Technology) in Hunan, the third highest after Beijing and Shanghai. Hunan Normal University in Changsha is the key construction university of the national 211 Project, and Xiangtan University in Xiangtan is a key university jointly built by Hunan Province and the Ministry of Education and a member of national Project 111. These five national key universities are included in the Double First-Class Universities of Hunan Province. Hunan University and Central South University are the only two Project 985 universities in Changsha, Hunan to appear in the world's top 200 of the Academic Ranking of World Universities and the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking. Hunan Normal University, the National University of Defense and Technology and Changsha University of Science and Technology located in Changsha, were ranked in the world's top 701 of the Academic Ranking of World Universities. Hunan Agricultural University in Changsha, the University of South China in Hengyang, Hunan University of Technology in Zhuzhou and Xiangtan University in Xiangtan were ranked in the top 801-900 globally by the Academic Ranking of World Universities. Hunan University of Science and Technology in Xiangtan and Central South University of Forestry and Technology in Changsha were ranked number 988 and number 1429 respectively in the 2022 Best Global Universities by the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking. As of 2023, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine in Changsha ranked the best in Central China region and 26th nationwide among Chinese Medical Universities.
Education in the People's Republic of China is primarily managed by the state-run public education system, which falls under the Ministry of Education. By law, education in the People's Republic of China is led by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and adheres to its ideology. All citizens must attend school for a minimum of nine years, known as nine-year compulsory education, which is funded by the government through the national education budget. Compulsory education includes six years of elementary school, typically starting at the age of six and finishing at the age of twelve, followed by three years of middle school. A middle school graduate may choose to continue their secondary education for three more years in a high school or a vocational school. In 2020, the Ministry of Education reported an increase of new entrants of 34.4 million students entering compulsory education, bringing the total number of students who attend compulsory education to 156 million. In 1985, the government abolished tax-funded higher education, requiring university applicants to compete for scholarships based on their academic capabilities. In the early 1980s, the government allowed the establishment of the first private institution of higher learning, thus increasing the number of undergraduates and people who hold doctoral degrees from 1995 to 2005. Chinese investment in research and development has grown by 20 percent per year since 1999, exceeding $100 billion in 2011. As many as 1.5 million science and engineering students graduated from Chinese universities in 2006. By 2008, China had published 184,080 papers in recognized international journals – a seven-fold increase from 1996. In 2017, China surpassed the U.S. with the highest number of scientific publications. In 2021, there were 3,012 universities and colleges (see List of universities in China) in China, and 147 National Key Universities, which are considered to be part of an elite group Double First Class universities, accounted for approximately 4.6% of all higher education institutions in China. China has also been a top destination for international students and as of 2013, China was the most popular country in Asia for international students and ranked third overall among countries. China is now the leading destination globally for Anglophone African students and is host of the second largest international students population in the world. As of 2025, there were 2 Chinese universities in the global top 20, 5 in the top 50, and 19 in the top 200, behind only the United States and the United Kingdom in terms of the overall representation in the Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities, a composite ranking system combining three of the world's most influential university rankings (ARWU+QS+ THE). Chinese students in the country's most developed regions are among the best performing in the world in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Shanghai, Beijing, Jiangsu and Zhejiang outperformed all other education systems in the PISA. According to estimates from The Economist in 2026, China would have scored among the highest even if every single province had taken part in the test. For example, the country's math score would have been 536, the fourth highest in the world, while its average score across all three subjects would have been 501, the seventh highest in the world. China's educational system has been noted for its emphasis on rote memorization and test preparation. However, PISA spokesman Andreas Schleicher says that China has moved away from learning by rote in recent years. According to Schleicher, Russia performs well in rote-based assessments, but not in PISA, whereas China does well in both rote-based and broader assessments.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Joe Louis.