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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
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Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| Neonectria ditissima | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Hypocreales |
| Family: | Nectriaceae |
| Genus: | Neonectria |
| Species: | N. ditissima
|
| Binomial name | |
| Neonectria ditissima (Tul. & C. Tul.) Samuels & Rossman (2006)
| |
| Synonyms | |
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teleomorph
anamorph
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Neonectria ditissima (syn. Neonectria galligena[1]) is a fungal plant pathogen. It causes cankers that can kill branches of trees by choking them off. Apple and beech trees are two susceptible species.
Neonectria ditissima host range encompass a variety of hardwood tree species such as, Fagus, Populus, Salix, Betula and Acer species.[1] These tree species population are present in both America and Europe. Phylogenetic studies have revealed genetic divergence among both populations, at specific loci (ß-tubulin, RPB2).[1] However, due to high levels of within-population diversity of the American populations, it has been hypothesized that America is N. ditissima place of origin.[2]
Neonectria ditissima is a difficult pathogen to eradicate—but there are many ways to limit its spread and infection rate. Effective control requires a combination of cultural and chemical treatments.
Multiple cultural techniques can manage the spread of N. ditissima. To minimize the number of wounds the pathogen can enter through, select trees that are well adapted to the local climate. In certain areas, trees must be able to resist damage due to environmental stresses such as cold temperatures. If cankers are present, it is important to prune out the damaged tissue in dry conditions. Dry conditions are unfavorable to the pathogen because it prohibits the development of fruiting structures and spore dispersal. It is essential to disinfect the equipment before and after pruning to prevent the spread of the pathogen to uninfected trees.[3] Cankered prunings must be removed from the area and burned to eliminate the risk of continuing spore production. It is crucial to limit the use of high nitrogen, especially in manure, because it encourages and facilitates N. ditissima.[4]
Fungicides that control N. ditissima are limited. Infection by N. ditissima often occurs through wounds in the autumn and spring-summer period, therefore, it's best to apply fungicides at those times. Fungicides prevent or decrease sporulation of existing cankers, which in turn decreases inoculum available to spread the pathogen. Fungicides may also protect trees from N. ditissima through a fungitoxic deposit over favorable infection sites. A mixture of carbendazim and a scab fungicide, such as dithianon, is the suggested treatment in areas with a severe canker problem. In areas with a reduced risk of canker, it is recommended that a scab fungicide be applied in the spring-summer and copper oxychloride applied at leaf-fall to avoid infection. Although scab fungicides are commonly used for managing apple scab, cankers are also controlled when applied at the correct time.[5] Thiophanate-methyl is another fungicide that is highly effective because it protects trees against the pathogen and suppresses sporulation of already infected plants. However, the application of thiophanate-methyl is limited due to its harm on organisms such as mites.[4]
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Neonectria ditissima (syn. Neonectria galligena) is a fungal plant pathogen. It causes cankers that can kill branches of trees by choking them off. Apple and beech trees are two susceptible species.
Neonectria faginata is a species of fungus that affects Beech trees in North America. Neonectria faginata, along with Neonectria ditissima, are the cause of beech bark disease in trees that have already been affected by beech scale Cryptococcus fagisuga.
Beech bark disease is a disease that causes mortality and defects in beech trees in the eastern United States, Canada and Europe. In North America, the disease occurs after extensive bark invasion by Xylococculus betulae and the beech scale insect, Cryptococcus fagisuga. Through a presently unknown mechanism, excessive feeding by this insect causes two different fungi (Neonectria faginata (previously Nectria coccinea var. faginata) and Neonectria ditissima (previously Nectria galligena)) to produce annual cankers on the bark of the tree. The continuous formation of lesions around the tree eventually girdles it, resulting in canopy death. In Europe, N. coccinea is the primary fungus causing the infection. Infection in European trees occurs in the same manner as it does in North American trees. Though the disease still appears in Europe, it is less serious today than it once was.
Neonectria is a genus of fungi in the family Nectriaceae. It is a cosmopolitan genus commonly distributed in tropical and temperate regions. The species occur as saprobes (processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter), pathogens and some species have been isolated as soil inhabitants (Brayford 1993; Chaverri et al. 2011). Neonectria was linked to the asexual genus Cylindrocarpon. Later phylogenetic analysis revealed that Neonectria and Cylindrocarpon are phylogenetically congeneric and they are not monophyletic (Mantiri et al. 2001; Brayford et al. 2004; Seifert et al. 2003). A taxonomic revision of Neonectria sensu lato was provided by Chaverri et al. in 2011, based on multi-locus phylogenetic analysis, morphological characters and ecological data. Their phylogenetic analysis showed five distinct highly supported clades that correspond to some extent with the informal Neonectria and Cylindrocarpon groups. Hence, three genera llyonectria, Rugonectria and Thelonectria were introduced to accommodate three Neonectria sensu lato informal groups. 'Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa' by Wijayawardene et al. lists up to 30 species (in 2020), and around 25 records are listed by Species Fungorum, and GBIF.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.
