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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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In 1968 Shirley Chisholm became the first Black woman elected to the United States Congress. In 1972 she launched a campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination, breaking another political barrier.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| Neuropterida | |
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| Sialis lutaria (Megaloptera: Sialidae) | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Clade: | Pancrustacea |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Clade: | Holometabola |
| Clade: | Aparaglossata |
| Clade: | Neuropteroidea |
| Clade: | Neuropterida |
| Orders | |
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| Synonyms | |
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Neuroptera sensu Palker, 1982 | |
The Neuropterida[1] are a clade of holometabolous insects, sometimes placed at the superorder level. The clade contains the orders Neuroptera (lacewings, antlions), Megaloptera (alderflies, dobsonflies), and Raphidioptera (snakeflies), and includes over 5,700 described species.
Historically, the name Neuroptera referred to this entire group, but it now refers only to lacewings and their relatives (antlions), which were formerly known as Planipennia. As part of the Holometabola and related to beetles, they can be considered an unranked taxon. Arguably, the Holometabola might instead be considered an unranked clade, and divided into numerous superorders to signify the close relationships of certain holometabolan groups.[2]
Some authors formerly included the Mecoptera (scorpionflies) in Neuropterida, but they actually belong to the Mecopteroidea (or Antliophora), the holometabolan clade that also contains true flies and fleas.
Neuropterida are fairly primitive-looking insects with large wings but weak wing muscles, resulting in clumsy flight. Most adults are active at dusk or night, and many of the larvae are aquatic that live in rivers. The larvae, and in many cases the adults as well, are predators of small arthropods. Adult neuropteridans range in size from that of a midge to that of a large dragonfly (15 cm (5.9 in) wingspan); the largest species tend to resemble drab, clumsily flying damselflies.
In Raphidioptera the ovipositor is well developed, but strongly reduced in Megaloptera and Neuroptera.[3]
The larvae of Neuroptera spins a cocoon of silk around them,[4] while a cocoon is absent in both Megaloptera and Raphidioptera, although the megalopteran genus Protohermes lines its pupal cell with coarse gravel partially bound with silk.[5][6]
In addition to the three living orders, the monotypic Rafaelidae are an entirely extinct family of Neuropterida. Their position is indeterminate but probably rather basal; thus, the single genus Rafaeliana from the Early Cretaceous Santana Formation's Crato Member in Brazil might be better placed directly in the Neuropterida for the time being, without assigning it to an order, until relatives are found and/or its systematic position is better resolved.[2] The extinct order Glosselytrodea may also be a member or close relative, though its classification is unclear.[7]
A phylogenomic analysis published in 2023 confirmed the topology of the neuropterid orders and found the relationships between the families of Neuropterida as shown in the following phylogenetic tree.[8]
| Neuropterida |
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Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
The Neuropterida are a clade of holometabolous insects, sometimes placed at the superorder level. The clade contains the orders Neuroptera (lacewings, antlions), Megaloptera (alderflies, dobsonflies), and Raphidioptera (snakeflies), and includes over 5,700 described species. Historically, the name Neuroptera referred to this entire group, but it now refers only to lacewings and their relatives (antlions), which were formerly known as Planipennia. As part of the Holometabola and related to beetles, they can be considered an unranked taxon. Arguably, the Holometabola might instead be considered an unranked clade, and divided into numerous superorders to signify the close relationships of certain holometabolan groups. Some authors formerly included the Mecoptera (scorpionflies) in Neuropterida, but they actually belong to the Mecopteroidea (or Antliophora), the holometabolan clade that also contains true flies and fleas. Neuropterida are fairly primitive-looking insects with large wings but weak wing muscles, resulting in clumsy flight. Most adults are active at dusk or night, and many of the larvae are aquatic that live in rivers. The larvae, and in many cases the adults as well, are predators of small arthropods. Adult neuropteridans range in size from that of a midge to that of a large dragonfly (15 cm (5.9 in) wingspan); the largest species tend to resemble drab, clumsily flying damselflies. In Raphidioptera the ovipositor is well developed, but strongly reduced in Megaloptera and Neuroptera. The larvae of Neuroptera spins a cocoon of silk around them, while a cocoon is absent in both Megaloptera and Raphidioptera, although the megalopteran genus Protohermes lines its pupal cell with coarse gravel partially bound with silk. In addition to the three living orders, the monotypic Rafaelidae are an entirely extinct family of Neuropterida. Their position is indeterminate but probably rather basal; thus, the single genus Rafaeliana from the Early Cretaceous Santana Formation's Crato Member in Brazil might be better placed directly in the Neuropterida for the time being, without assigning it to an order, until relatives are found and/or its systematic position is better resolved. The extinct order Glosselytrodea may also be a member or close relative, though its classification is unclear. A phylogenomic analysis published in 2023 confirmed the topology of the neuropterid orders and found the relationships between the families of Neuropterida as shown in the following phylogenetic tree.
The insect order Neuroptera, from Ancient Greek νεῦρον (neûron), meaning "nerve", and πτερόν (pterón), meaning "wing", also known as net-winged insects, includes the lacewings, mantidflies, antlions, and their relatives. The order consists of some 6,000 species. Neuroptera is grouped together with the Megaloptera (alderflies, fishflies, and dobsonflies) and Raphidioptera (snakeflies) in the unranked taxon Neuropterida (once known as Planipennia). Adult neuropterans have four membranous wings, all about the same size, with many veins. They have chewing mouthparts, and undergo complete metamorphosis. Neuropterans first appeared during the Permian period, and continued to diversify through the Mesozoic era. During this time, several unusually large forms evolved, especially in the extinct family Kalligrammatidae, often called "the butterflies of the Jurassic" for their large, patterned wings.
Megaloptera is an order of insects. It contains the alderflies, dobsonflies and fishflies, and there are about 300 known species. The order's name comes from Ancient Greek μέγας (mégas), meaning "large", and πτερόν (pterón), meaning "wing", in reference to the large, clumsy wings of these insects. Megaloptera are relatively unknown insects across much of their range, due to the adults' short lives, the aquatic larvae's often-high tolerance of pollution (so they are not often encountered by swimmers etc.), and the generally crepuscular or nocturnal habits. However, in the Americas the dobsonflies are rather well known, as their males have tusk-like mandibles. These, while formidable in appearance, are relatively harmless to humans and other animals; much like a peacock's feathers, they serve mainly to impress females. However, the mandibles are also used to hold females during mating, and some male dobsonflies spar with each other in courtship displays, trying to flip each other over with their long mandibles. Dobsonfly larvae, commonly called hellgrammites, are often used for angling bait in North America and are capable of delivering a painful bite with their mandibles. The Megaloptera were formerly considered part of a group then called Neuroptera, together with lacewings and snakeflies, but these are now generally considered to be separate orders, with Neuroptera referring to the lacewings and relatives (which were formerly called Planipennia). The former Neuroptera, particularly the lacewing group, are nonetheless very closely related to each other, and the new name for this group is Neuropterida. This is either placed at superorder rank, with the Holometabola—of which they are part—becoming an unranked clade above it, or the Holometabola are maintained as a superorder, with an unranked Neuropterida being a part of them. Within the holometabolans, the closest living relatives of the neuropteridan clade are the beetles and strepsipterans. The Asian dobsonfly Acanthacorydalis fruhstorferi can have a wingspan of up to 21.6 cm (8.5 in), making it the largest aquatic insect in the world by this measurement.
A fly (pl. flies) is an insect of the order Diptera (from Ancient Greek δι- di- 'two' and πτερόν pteron 'wing'), named for the single pair of wings. The hindwings have evolved into halteres, organs that sense rotation, giving flies precise control of their flight. Diptera is a large order containing more than 150,000 species, including horse-flies, crane flies, hoverflies, mosquitoes and others. Flies have a mobile head, with a pair of large compound eyes, and mouthparts designed either for piercing and sucking (in mosquitoes, black flies, and robber flies) or for lapping and sucking (in the other groups). Their wing arrangement gives them great manoeuvrability in flight, and claws and pads on their feet enable them to cling to smooth surfaces. Flies undergo complete metamorphosis; the eggs are often laid on the larval food-source, and the larvae, which lack true limbs, develop in a protected environment, often inside their food source. Other species are ovoviviparous, opportunistically depositing hatched or hatching larvae, instead of eggs, on carrion, dung, decaying material, or open wounds of mammals. Members of superfamily Hippoboscoidea exhibit adenotrophic viviparity, laying advanced pre-pupae on substrates suitable for burrowing and pupation. The pupa is a tough capsule from which the adult emerges when ready to do so; flies mostly have short lives as adults. Diptera is one of the major insect orders and of considerable ecological and human importance. Flies are major pollinators, second only to bees and their Hymenopteran relatives. Flies may have been among the evolutionarily earliest pollinators responsible for early plant pollination. Fruit flies are used as model organisms in research, but less benignly, mosquitoes are vectors for malaria, dengue, West Nile fever, yellow fever, encephalitis, and other infectious diseases; and houseflies, commensal with humans all over the world, spread foodborne illnesses. Flies can be annoyances, especially in some parts of the world where they can occur in large numbers, buzzing and settling on the skin or eyes to bite or seek fluids. Larger flies, such as tsetse flies and screwworms, cause significant economic harm to cattle. Blowfly larvae, known as gentles, and other dipteran larvae, known more generally as maggots, are used as fishing bait, as food for carnivorous animals, and in medicine in debridement, to clean wounds.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.
