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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| Mission type | Sample return |
|---|---|
| Operator | JAXA |
| Mission duration | 12 years (planned)[1] |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Bus | DSOTV[2] |
| Launch mass | ~2,000 kg (4,400 lb) |
| Landing mass | ~130 kg (290 lb) |
| Dry mass |
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| Payload mass | 265 kg (584 lb) |
| Dimensions |
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| Power |
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| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | January 2034 (planned)[1] |
| Rocket | H3-22S[2] |
| Launch site | Tanegashima Space Center |
| End of mission | |
| Disposal | Recovered |
| Landing date | December 2046 (planned)[1] |
| Flyby of Earth | |
| Closest approach | November 2035[2] |
| Rendezvous with 289P/Blanpain | |
| Arrival date | January 2040[2] |
| Departure date | February 2042[1] |
| Transponders | |
| Bandwidth | X band: 64 kbit/s[2] |
Next Generation Small-Body Sample Return (NGSR) is a proposed space mission concept by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) aimed at returning samples from a small Solar System body such as an asteroid or comet.[3] Its main target is the comet 289P/Blanpain, a short-period comet with an orbital period of 5.2 years.[4]
The mission is intended to build upon Japan's previous sample-return missions, including Hayabusa and Hayabusa2, which successfully returned material from near-Earth asteroids.[5]
The primary goal of NGSR is to collect and return pristine material from a small celestial body to Earth for detailed scientific analysis.[6] Such samples could provide insights into the early Solar System, the formation of planets, and the origins of organic compounds.[2]
Additional objectives may include in situ analysis, surface mapping, and testing new technologies for deep-space exploration.[7]
Japan has been a leader in asteroid sample-return missions. The Hayabusa mission returned samples from asteroid 25143 Itokawa in 2010, while Hayabusa2 delivered material from 162173 Ryugu in 2020.[4]
NGSR is expected to incorporate advanced technologies developed from these missions, potentially enabling more complex sampling operations and access to different types of targets.[8]
Five additional launch windows were identified for the mission towards 289P between 2033 and 2039.[2] Aside from 289P/Blanpain, several asteroids and comets were considered as backup targets in case the 2034 launch window were missed.[2] These objects include comets 15P/Finlay and 252P/LINEAR, as well as the following asteroids; 2003 XM, (451124) 2009 KC3, and 2016 LX48.[2]
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Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Next Generation Small-Body Sample Return (NGSR) is a proposed space mission concept by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) aimed at returning samples from a small Solar System body such as an asteroid or comet. Its main target is the comet 289P/Blanpain, a short-period comet with an orbital period of 5.2 years. The mission is intended to build upon Japan's previous sample-return missions, including Hayabusa and Hayabusa2, which successfully returned material from near-Earth asteroids.
Phobos () is the innermost and larger of the two natural satellites of Mars, the other being Deimos. The two moons were discovered in 1877 by American astronomer Asaph Hall. Phobos is named after the Greek god of fear and panic, who is the twin brother of Deimos and son of Ares (Mars). Phobos is a small, irregularly shaped object with a mean radius of 11 km (7 mi). It orbits 6,000 km (3,700 mi) from the Martian surface, closer to its primary body than any other known natural satellite to a planet. It orbits Mars much faster than Mars rotates and completes an orbit in just 7 hours and 39 minutes. As a result, from the surface of Mars it appears to rise in the west, move across the sky in 4 hours and 15 minutes or less, and set in the east, twice each Martian day. Phobos is one of the least reflective bodies in the Solar System, with an albedo of 0.071. Surface temperatures range from about −4 °C (25 °F) on the sunlit side to −112 °C (−170 °F) on the shadowed side. The notable surface feature is the large impact crater Stickney, which takes up a substantial proportion of the moon's surface. The surface is also marked by many grooves, and there are numerous theories as to how these grooves were formed. An example of this is caused by tidal forces from Mars. Images and models indicate that Phobos may be a rubble pile held together by a thin crust that is being torn apart by tidal interactions. Phobos gets closer to Mars by about 2 centimetres (0.79 in) per year.
China has one of the most active space programs in the world. With launch vehicles of the Long March rocket family and four spaceports (Jiuquan, Taiyuan, Xichang, Wenchang), China conducts the most or second most orbital launches each year, and is one of three countries with a human spaceflight capability. China's fleet of over 1,300 Earth orbit satellites serves communication, navigation, reconnaissance and scientific research. China Manned Space Program operates Tiangong, one of two active space stations alongside the International Space Station (ISS). Most space operations are conducted by civilian China National Space Administration (CNSA) and the military People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force (PLAASF). CNSA has achieved robotic rover, lander, and orbiter missions to the Moon and Mars. PLAASF directs the Astronaut Corps and its Deep Space Network. From the 1950s, aided by the Soviet Union, development began on China's nuclear weapons, Dongfeng ballistic missiles, and Long March rockets, honored as the Two Bombs, One Satellite projects. Despite setbacks from the Cultural Revolution and Sino-Soviet split, China became the fifth country to independently launch a satellite, Dong Fang Hong 1 in 1970. China developed the Shenzhou crewed craft from Russia's Soyuz after a 1995 treaty; Shenzhou 5 carried the first Chinese astronaut in 2003. China commercially launched Western satellites from 1988, but failures, especially Intelsat 708, caused the US to embargo satellite export in 1998. After the US vetoed its joining the ISS, China began the Tiangong program, operating prototypes Tiangong-1 and -2 before the current Tiangong, the world's third modular space station. Since the 2020s, the program has been contrasted against Western space programs as the "New Space Race". China's Moon missions achieved the world's first far side landing (Chang'e 4), far side sample return (Chang'e 6), and longest-lived rover (Yutu-2). China's interplanetary missions deployed Tianwen-1, a Mars orbiter, lander, and the rover Zhurong; Tianwen-2 visited an asteroid in 2026 and will visit a comet in 2035. Its satellite constellations include BeiDou Navigation, Gaofen Observation, and the Guowang and Qianfan internet constellations. Long March 5 is the most powerful rocket operating outside of the US, and first Long March to not use hypergolic propellant. Since 2019, China's private and state enterprises have made over a hundred launches with new rocket designs, such as the Kuaizhou family and Ceres-1. China is developing reusable spacecraft, including the Long March 10 rocket family and a military spaceplane. China plans a crewed lunar landing by 2030, using the under-development Mengzhou craft, Lanyue lander, and Long March 10 rocket. After scouting with Chang'e 7 and 8, China aims to construct the International Lunar Research Station at the lunar south pole from 2031, collaborating with Roscosmos and 11 other countries; China previously cooperated with the European Space Agency on deep space tracking and space science. The Tianwen-3 robotic Mars sample-return is scheduled for dual launches in 2028, and the Tianwen-4 Jupiter orbiter and Uranus flyby in 2029; the Shensuo probes aim to flyby Neptune.
Degrassi Junior High is a Canadian teen drama television series created by Linda Schuyler and Kit Hood. It is the second entry of the Degrassi television franchise after The Kids of Degrassi Street and aired on the CBC from January 18, 1987 to February 27, 1989, and on PBS in the United States starting from September 1987. The series follows those who attend the titular fictional school and the issues they face. Produced by Schuyler and Hood's Playing With Time, development of the series began soon after the end of The Kids of Degrassi Street, in response to a perceived lack of teenage representation in media. Its cast mainly consisted of amateurs who were similar in age to the characters they played, a deliberate response to the trend of young adults being cast in teenage roles. The actors had extensive input in the writing process, and plots were often drawn from their real lives. It was filmed entirely on-location in Toronto, with then Daisy Avenue Public School in Etobicoke used as the school. The series received widespread critical acclaim on release, with praise directed at its realism, cinematography, and portrayal of serious topics, and became a significant commercial success in Canada after it was moved to a prime-time spot, while it also developed cult followings in the United States and Australia. In its home country, it won eight Gemini Awards, including four in a single year. A sequel series, Degrassi High (1989–1991), continued to follow its characters into high school, and the franchise's revival and continuation with Degrassi: The Next Generation (2001–2015) was brought into motion by a successful 1999 televised cast reunion. In spite of seldom mainstream acknowledgement, Degrassi Junior High is credited with being the progenitor of the teen drama and a major influence on series such as Beverly Hills, 90210, and continues to be highly regarded. In 2017, the Toronto International Film Festival named it one of Canada's most significant contributions to the cinematic landscape.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.
