Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
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In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
Scission may refer to:
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Scission may refer to: Scission (chemistry), bond cleavage, the splitting of chemical bonds Chain scission, the degradation of a polymer main chain Beta scission, reaction in thermal cracking of hydrocarbons Scission and Other Stories, a 1985 collection of short stories Instruction scission, opcode overlapping in computing
Synthetic programming (SP) is an advanced technique for programming the HP-41C and Elektronika B3-34 calculators, involving creating instructions (or combinations of instructions and operands) that cannot be obtained using the standard capabilities of the calculator. Some HP-41C instructions are coded in memory using multiple bytes. Some of these sequence of bytes correspond to instructions the calculator is able to execute, but these cannot be entered in the program memory using conventional program entry methods (i.e. using the calculator as described in the user's manual). Synthetic programming uses a bug in the calculator firmware to enter those byte sequences as a sequence of other instructions, then partially skipping halfway through the first instruction, so that the calculator believes the end of the first instruction is actually the beginning of a new one. This was called byte jumper or byte grabber. It is not clear if the creators behind the HP-41 were aware of all these "black holes". HP did not officially support these techniques, but probably was intrigued by the strange operations and in some cases allowed enthusiasts to practice in their offices and helped to improve it among a whole sense of curiosity.
The Intel 8080 is an 8-bit microprocessor produced by Intel, first released in April 1974. It served as the successor to the 8008, despite not being binary compatible with it. Originally intended for use in embedded systems such as calculators, cash registers, computer terminals, and industrial robots, the 8080 became a popular processor used across a wide range of devices, and contributed to the rise of the microcomputer industry. Several key design choices contributed to the 8080's success. Its 40‑pin package simplified interfacing compared to the 8008's 18‑pin design, enabling a more efficient data bus. The transition to NMOS technology provided faster transistor speeds than the 8008's PMOS, also making it TTL compatible. An expanded instruction set and a full 16-bit address bus allowed the 8080 to access up to 64 KB of memory, quadrupling the capacity of its predecessor. A broader selection of support chips further enhanced its functionality. Many of these improvements stemmed from customer feedback, as designer Federico Faggin and others at Intel heard from industry about shortcomings in the 8008 architecture. The 8080 found its way into early personal computers such as the Altair 8800 and subsequent S-100 bus systems, and it served as the original target CPU for the CP/M operating system. It directly influenced the later x86 architecture, which was designed so that its assembly language closely resembled that of the 8080, permitting many instructions to map directly from one to the other. Originally operating at a clock rate of 2 MHz, with common instructions taking between 4 and 11 clock cycles, the 8080 was capable of executing several hundred thousand instructions per second. Later, two faster variants, the 8080A-1 and 8080A-2, offered improved clock speeds of 3.125 MHz and 2.63 MHz, respectively. In most applications, the processor was paired with two support chips, the 8224 clock generator/driver and the 8228 bus controller, to manage its timing and data flow.
The MOS Technology 6502 is an 8-bit microprocessor that was designed by a small team led by Chuck Peddle for MOS Technology and was launched in September 1975. The design team had formerly worked at Motorola on the Motorola 6800 project; the 6502 is essentially a simplified, less expensive and faster version of that design using depletion-load NMOS technology that made using the microchip in computers much cheaper. When it was introduced, the 6502 was the least expensive microprocessor on the market by a considerable margin. It initially sold for less than one-sixth the cost of competing designs from larger companies, such as the 6800 or Intel 8080. Its introduction caused rapid decreases in pricing across the entire processor market. Along with the Zilog Z80, it sparked a series of projects that resulted in the home computer revolution of the early 1980s. Home video game consoles and home computers of the 1970s through the early 1990s, such as the Atari 2600, Atari 8-bit computers, Apple II, Nintendo Entertainment System, Commodore 64, Atari Lynx, BBC Micro and others, as well as various Atari arcade video games including Asteroids, Centipede and Missile Command, use the 6502 or variations of the basic design. Soon after the 6502's introduction, MOS Technology was purchased outright by Commodore International, who continued to sell the microprocessor and licenses to other manufacturers. In the early days of the 6502, it was second-sourced by Rockwell and Synertek, and later licensed to other companies. In 1981, the Western Design Center started development of a CMOS version, the 65C02. This continues to be widely used in embedded systems, with estimated production volumes in the hundreds of millions.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
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