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Mansa Musa was the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa. Details recorded here should be sourced; unknown information is left blank.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
The Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile (GOSIP) was a specification that profiled open networking products for procurement by governments in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
In practice, from 1995 interest in OSI implementations declined, and worldwide the deployment of standards-based networking services since have been predominantly based on the Internet protocol suite.[7] However, the Defense Messaging System continued to be based on the OSI protocols X.400 and X.500, due to their integrated security capabilities.
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The Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile (GOSIP) was a specification that profiled open networking products for procurement by governments in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a reference model published in 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that "provides a common basis for the coordination of standards development for the purpose of systems interconnection." In the OSI reference model, the components of a communication system are distinguished in seven abstraction layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application. The model describes communications from the physical implementation of transmitting bits across a transmission medium to the highest-level representation of data of a distributed application. Each layer has well-defined functions and semantics and serves a class of functionality to the layer above it and is served by the layer below it. Established, well-known communication protocols are decomposed in software development into the model's hierarchy of function calls. The Internet protocol suite as defined in RFC 1122 and RFC 1123 is a model of networking developed contemporaneously with the OSI model, and was funded primarily by the U.S. Department of Defense. It was the foundation for the development of the Internet. It assumed the presence of generic physical links and focused primarily on the software layers of communication, with a similar but much less rigorous structure than the OSI model. In comparison, several networking models have sought to create an intellectual framework for clarifying networking concepts and activities, but none have been as successful as the OSI reference model in becoming the standard model for discussing and teaching networking in the field of information technology. The model allows transparent communication through equivalent exchange of protocol data units (PDUs) between two parties, through what is known as peer-to-peer networking (also known as peer-to-peer communication). As a result, the OSI reference model has not only become an important piece among professionals and non-professionals alike, but also in all networking between one or many parties, due in large part to its commonly accepted user-friendly framework.
Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS, also written ISIS) is a link-state interior gateway protocol (IGP), typically deployed within a single autonomous system, and is used in large enterprise and service-provider networks to exchange routing information. The IS-IS protocol is defined in ISO/IEC 10589:2002 as an international standard in the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. IS-IS operates by flooding link-state information through a network of routers. Each IS-IS router builds its own link-state database (LSDB) by collecting the flooded link-state information from other routers. Like Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), IS-IS uses Dijkstra's algorithm for computing the shortest paths through the network. Packets (datagrams) are then forwarded along the computed shortest paths to their destinations.
Public Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) are a group of public-key cryptography intervendor standards first developed by RSA Security, with involvement from Apple, Digital, Lotus Development, Microsoft, MIT, Northern Telecom, and Sun Microsystems, first published in June 1991. The PKCS series of standards began development internally at RSA Laboratories in March 1991 with the "broad design goals" of maintaining compatibility with existing Privacy-Enhanced Mail (PEM) protocol certificates, allow handling of arbitrary data, adding richer information in certificate attributes, supporting Diffie-Hellman key exchange, and creating protocols to be some day incorporated into International Telecommunication Union X.200 standards by basing it on existing ITU-T standards such as ASN.1 and BER. PKCS then taken by RSA to the US National Institute of Standards and Technology's Open Systems Interconnection Workshop, an organization created in 1983 by NIST at the request of industry to provide a forum for industry co-operation in computer interconnection protocols. Development of the PKCS protocols was undertaken in the 1991 sessions of the OSI Workshop under the Security Special Interest Group chaired by Trusted Information Systems. However, PKCS did not appear in the final OSI Workshop yearly publication and was instead published as an OSI working document, the first publicly available version of the protocols. Though not industry standards because the company retained control over them, some of the standards have moved into the "standards track" processes of relevant standards organizations since May 1997, such as the IETF and the PKIX working group. Key Updates (2023–2025): Integration of PKCS #7 and PKCS #12 into broader standards like S/MIME and TLS. Evolution of PKCS #11 to support newer hardware and cloud services; support for NIST's ML-DSA and ML-KEM. Involvement of PKCS standards in post-quantum cryptography efforts, with NIST's ongoing standardization. Growing adoption of PKCS standards in the context of blockchain and digital assets.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Joe Louis.
