Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
Ben Horowitz | |
|---|---|
 Horowitz in 2018 | |
| Born | Benjamin Abraham Horowitz January 13, 1966 London, England |
| Education | Columbia University (BA) University of California, Los Angeles (MS) |
| Occupations | Co-founder of Opsware and Andreessen Horowitz |
| Spouse |
Felicia Wiley (m. 1988) |
| Children | 3[1] |
| Father | David Horowitz |
Benjamin Abraham Horowitz (born January 13, 1966) is an American businessman, investor, blogger, and author. He is a technology entrepreneur and co-founder of the venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz along with Marc Andreessen. He previously co-founded and served as president and chief executive officer of the enterprise software company Opsware, which Hewlett-Packard acquired in 2007. Horowitz is the author of The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers, a book about startups,[2][3] and What You Do Is Who You Are: How to Create Your Business Culture.[4]
Benjamin Abraham Horowitz[5] was born in London, England and raised in Berkeley, California, the son of Elissa Krauthamer and conservative writer and policy advocate David Horowitz. He is of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. Horowitz's great-grandparents were Jewish immigrants from the Russian Empire who arrived in the U.S. in the mid-19th and early 20th centuries.[6]
Horowitz earned a B.A. from Columbia University in 1988 and an M.S. from University of California, Los Angeles, in 1990, both in computer science.[7][8]
Horowitz began his career as an engineer at Silicon Graphics in 1990.[7] In 1995, he joined Marc Andreessen at Netscape as a product manager.[9] From 1997 to 1998, Horowitz was vice president for the Directory and Security Product Line at Netscape.[7] After Netscape was acquired by AOL in 1998, Horowitz served as Vice President of AOL's eCommerce Division.[10]
In September 1999, Horowitz cofounded Loudcloud with Andreessen, Tim Howes, and In Sik Rhee.[11] Loudcloud offered infrastructure and application hosting services to enterprise and Internet customers such as Ford Motor Company, Nike, Inc., Gannett Company, News Corporation, the United States Army and other large organizations. Horowitz took Loudcloud public on March 9, 2001.[12]
In June 2002, Horowitz began a transformation of Loudcloud into Opsware, an enterprise software company.[13] He took the first step by selling Loudcloud's core managed services business to Electronic Data Systems for $63.5 million in cash.[14] This transaction transferred all of Loudcloud's revenue to EDS while the company was publicly traded on Nasdaq. Beginning with EDS as its first enterprise software customer, Horowitz grew Opsware to hundreds of enterprise customers, over $100 million in annual revenue, and 550 employees. In July 2007, Horowitz sold Opsware to Hewlett-Packard for $1.6 billion in cash.[15]
Horowitz was Loudcloud's and Opsware's president and chief executive officer for the entire history of the company. Along the way, shares of Opsware initial public offering price at $6 sank to $0.35 per share, eventually becoming $14.25 a share at the time of its sale to HP.[11]
Following the sale of Opsware to Hewlett-Packard, Horowitz then spent one year at Hewlett-Packard as vice president and general manager in HP Software with responsibility for 3,000 employees and $2.8 billion in annual revenue.[16]
On July 6, 2009, Horowitz and Andreessen launched Andreessen Horowitz,[17] to invest in and advise both early-stage startups and more established growth companies in high technology. Andreessen Horowitz began with an initial capitalization of $300 million[18] and within three years had $2.7 billion under management across three funds.[19]
Horowitz lives in Las Vegas with his wife, Felicia Wiley Horowitz.[20][21][22] They married in 1988 and have three children.[1]
In July 2024, Horowitz announced he will donate to super PACs that support Donald Trump's presidential campaign.[20][23] In October, however, Horowitz announced that he and his wife will be making "significant" donations to groups that support Kamala Harris's campaign, citing their friendship dating back over 10 years.[24] During the first half of 2025, Horowitz donated $3 million to MAGA Inc., a super PAC that supports Donald Trump.[25]
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Opsware, Inc. was a software company based in Sunnyvale, California, that offered products for server and network device provisioning, configuration, and management targeted toward enterprise customers. Opsware had offices in New York City, Redmond, Washington, Cary, North Carolina, and an engineering office in Cluj, Romania. In July 2007, HP announced that it had agreed to acquire Opsware for $1.65 billion in cash ($14.25 per share). The acquisition closed on September 21, 2007. HP subsequently split into HP Inc. and Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE). The latter included Opsware's products and services and, in 2017, the HPE Software business group spin-merged with Micro Focus. Micro Focus was acquired by OpenText in 2023.
Marc Lowell Andreessen ( an-DREE-sən; born July 9, 1971) is an American businessman, venture capitalist, and former software engineer. He is the co-author of Mosaic, the first web browser to display inline images; co-founder of Netscape; and co-founder and general partner of Silicon Valley venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz. He co-founded and later sold the software company Opsware to Hewlett-Packard; he also co-founded Ning, a company that provides a platform for social networking websites. In 2024, he became an advisor to Donald Trump. As of June 2026, Forbes estimated Andreessen's net worth at $1.9 billion.
Benjamin Abraham Horowitz (born January 13, 1966) is an American businessman, investor, blogger, and author. He is a technology entrepreneur and co-founder of the venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz along with Marc Andreessen. He previously co-founded and served as president and chief executive officer of the enterprise software company Opsware, which Hewlett-Packard acquired in 2007. Horowitz is the author of The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers, a book about startups, and What You Do Is Who You Are: How to Create Your Business Culture.
Scott Aaron Kupor (born October 6, 1971) is an American business executive and investment banker who has served as the director of the United States Office of Personnel Management since 2025. Kupor graduated from Stanford University with a degree in public policy, and later its law school with a Juris Doctor in 1996. He worked at Credit Suisse as an investment banker managing initial public offerings. In 1999, Kupor began working for Loudcloud, a cloud computing firm co-founded by Marc Andreessen and Ben Horowitz. He remained with the company after it sold much of its business off and renamed itself to Opsware in 2002 and worked for Hewlett-Packard as an executive after it acquired Opsware in 2007. Kupor was the first employee hired by Andreessen and Horowitz's venture capital firm, Andreessen Horowitz. He served as the chair of the National Venture Capital Association from May 2017 to May 2018. In December 2024, President-elect Donald Trump named Kupor as his nominee for director of the Office of Personnel Management. He appeared before the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs in April 2025. Kupor was confirmed by the Senate in July.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.
