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Katherine Johnson’s mathematical calculations helped guide some of America’s most important early space missions while she confronted the racial and gender barriers faced by Black women in twentieth-century America.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
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PSTricks is a set of macros that allow the inclusion of PostScript drawings directly inside TeX or LaTeX source code. It was originally written by Timothy Van Zandt and has been maintained in recent years by Denis Girou, Sebastian Rahtz and Herbert Voss (de).
There is a wide array of commands available for making graphics. Coordinates in PSTricks are always represented in parentheses, as the following example (scaled) illustrates:
\begin{pspicture}(5,5)
%% Triangle in red:
\pspolygon[linecolor=red](1,1)(5,1)(1,4)
%% Bezier curve in green:
\pscurve[linecolor=green,linewidth=2pt,%
showpoints=true](5,5)(3,2)(4,4)(2,3)
%% Circle in blue with radius 1:
\pscircle[linecolor=blue,linestyle=dashed](3,2.5){1}
\end{pspicture}
PSTricks commands are low level, so many LaTeX packages have been made in order to ease the creation of several kinds of graphics that are commonly used on mathematical typesetting.
pst-plot provides commands for creating function graphs.
Consider the following example:
\begin{pspicture*}(-7,-2)(7,2)
\psaxes[labels=none](0,0)(-7,-2)(7,2) % sets up axis
\psplot[linecolor=blue, linewidth=1.5pt]% % plots the sinewave
{-7}{7}{x 0.01745329252 div sin} % notice the RPN expression
\uput[45](3.1415926,0){$\pi$} % these are the labels
\uput[90](-1.570796,0){$-\pi/2$} % \uput is a box positioned at [angle]
\uput[-90](1.570796,0){$\pi/2$} % relative to (x,y) coordinate
\uput[-135](-3.1415926,0){$-\pi$} % and putting { content } on the box
\psline[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=red,linestyle=dotted]% % red dotted lines
(1.57079632,1)(1.57079632,0)
\psline[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=red,linestyle=dotted]%
(-1.57079632,-1)(-1.57079632,0)
\end{pspicture*}
The previous example also illustrate that TeX commands can be used as elements into the pictures. Since PostScript uses RPN style for mathematical operations, the argument to pst-plot must be supplied in the same form. An alternative is to use the optional argument algebraic, then the formula can be described as an algebraic expression.
pstricks-add extends pst-plot enabling also polar graphs and allowing the use algebraic notation for plots instead of RPN.
pst-math provides trigonometric functions in radians (since PostScript defaults to using degrees) and hyperbolic trigonometric functions.
pst-3dplot is used for creating 3D graphics like the following:
multido provides basic loop functionality for programming graphs with repeating elements:
pst-eucl is a beta extension for easy creation of geometrical drawings.
There are many other extensions, for drawing Circuit diagrams, barcodes, graphs, trees, visualizing data, etc.
PSTricks is only fully compatible with TeX systems using PostScript intermediates, including but not limited to eTeX and others. However, it is not compatible with the widely used pdfTeX engine in PDF mode. As pdfTeX is the default engine in most current installations, users of PSTricks must either force pdfTeX to DVI mode or use auto-pst-pdf. PGF/TikZ is an alternative to PSTricks that is compatible with pdfTeX.
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
PSTricks is a set of macros that allow the inclusion of PostScript drawings directly inside TeX or LaTeX source code. It was originally written by Timothy Van Zandt and has been maintained in recent years by Denis Girou, Sebastian Rahtz and Herbert Voss (de).
Xfig is a free and open-source vector graphics editor which runs under the X Window System on most UNIX-compatible platforms. In Xfig, figures may be drawn using objects such as circles, boxes, lines, spline curves, text, etc. It is also possible to import images in a number of formats, including JPEG, EPS, PostScript, and SVG. Those objects can be created, deleted, moved or modified. Attributes such as colors or line styles can be selected in various ways. For text, 35 fonts are available. Xfig saves figures in its native text-only "Fig" format. Xfig has a facility to print figures to a PostScript printer, too. A convenient feature is the PSTricks or PGF/TikZ packages code that allows a smooth integration of Xfig-generated images into LaTeX documents. However, through the EPS export facility, figures can be imbedded into groff documents also, when rendered to PostScript, e.g. though grops. Most operations in Xfig are performed using the mouse, but some operations may also be performed using keyboard accelerators (shortcuts). The interface is designed for a three-button mouse, although it is also possible to use a two-button or a one-button mouse with appropriate emulation, for example on a Macintosh under OS X.
ConTeXt, stylised as ConTeXt, is a general-purpose document processor. Like LaTeX, it is derived from the TeX typesetting system. ConTeXt is especially suited for structured documents, automated document production, very fine typography, and multilingual typesetting. It is based in part on TeX, and uses a document markup language for manuscript preparation. The typographical and automated capabilities of ConTeXt are extensive, including interfaces for handling microtypography, multiple footnotes and footnote classes, and manipulating OpenType fonts and features. Moreover, ConTeXt offers extensive support for colors, backgrounds, hyperlinks, presentations, figure-text integration, and conditional compilation. It gives the user extensive control over formatting, while making it easy to create new layouts and styles without learning the low-level TeX macro language. While comparisons can be made between ConTeXt and LaTeX, the primary objectives of the two systems are distinct. From the outset, ConTeXt has been a typography and typesetting system designed to give users straightforward and consistent access to advanced typographical control, which is crucial for general-purpose typesetting. LaTeX's original vision, on the other hand, was to insulate the user from typographical decisions—an approach particularly useful for tasks such as submitting articles to a scientific journal. Although LaTeX has evolved from this original vision, ConTeXt's unified design prevents the package clashes which are often experienced with LaTeX. ConTeXt provides a multilingual user interface with support for markup in English, Dutch, German, French, and Italian, and support for output in many scripts including western European, eastern European, Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. It also allows the user to use different TeX engines, like LuaTeX (MkIV) and LuaMetaTeX (LMTX). Older versions (MkII) worked with pdfTeX or XeTeX. As its native drawing engine, ConTeXt integrates a superset of MetaPost called MetaFun, which allows users to draw page backgrounds and ornaments with MetaPost. MetaFun can also be used directly with MetaPost. ConTeXt also supports the use of other external drawing engines, like PGF/TikZ and PSTricks. ConTeXt also provides a macro package for typesetting chemical structure diagrams with TeX, called PPCHTeX, as well as many other modules. This package can also be used with plain TeX and LaTeX. Originally titled pragmatex, ConTeXt was given its name around 1996 by Hans Hagen from PRAGMA Advanced Document Engineering (Pragma ADE), a Netherlands-based company.
PGF/TikZ is a pair of languages for producing vector graphics (e.g., technical illustrations and drawings) from a geometric/algebraic description, with standard features including the drawing of points, lines, arrows, paths, circles, ellipses and polygons. PGF is a lower-level language, while TikZ is a set of higher-level macros that use PGF. The top-level PGF and TikZ commands are invoked as TeX macros, but in contrast with PSTricks, the PGF/TikZ graphics themselves are described in a language that resembles MetaPost. Till Tantau is the designer of the PGF and TikZ languages. He is also the main developer of the only known interpreter for PGF and TikZ, which is written in TeX. PGF is an acronym for "Portable Graphics Format". TikZ was introduced in version 0.95 of PGF, and it is a recursive acronym for "TikZ ist kein Zeichenprogramm" (German for "TikZ is not a drawing program").
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.