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Mansa Musa was the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa. Details recorded here should be sourced; unknown information is left blank.
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This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| New Testament manuscript | |
 Oxford fragment recto, Matt 11:26-27 | |
| Name | P. Oxy. 2384 |
|---|---|
| Text | Matthew 2-3; 11; 12; 24 † |
| Date | 3rd century |
| Script | Greek |
| Found | Egypt |
| Now at | Ashmolean Museum National Archaeological Museum (Florence) |
| Cite | E. Lobel, C. H. Roberts, E. G. Turner, and J. W. B. Barns, OP XXIV (1957), pp. 4-5. |
| Size | 15 x 25 cm |
| Type | Alexandrian text-type |
| Category | I |
| Hand | carelessly written |
Papyrus 70 is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of Matthew. It is designated by the siglum 𝔓70 in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts. The surviving texts of Matthew are verses 2:13-16; 2:22-3:1; 11:26-27; 12:4-5; 24:3-6.12-15. 𝔓70 has a fairly reliable text, though it was carelessly written. The manuscript palaeographically had been assigned to the late 3rd century.[1]
The Greek text of this codex is considered a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Biblical scholar Kurt Aland ascribed it as a “strict text”, and placed it in Category I of his New Testament manuscript classification system.[2]
It is currently housed at the Ashmolean Museum (P. Oxy. 2384) in Oxford and at the Papyrological Institute of Florence in National Archaeological Museum (Florence)[2] (PSI 3407 – formerly CNR 419, 420).[3]
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Papyrus 70 is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of Matthew. It is designated by the siglum 𝔓70 in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts. The surviving texts of Matthew are verses 2:13-16; 2:22-3:1; 11:26-27; 12:4-5; 24:3-6.12-15. 𝔓70 has a fairly reliable text, though it was carelessly written. The manuscript palaeographically had been assigned to the late 3rd century. Text The Greek text of this codex is considered a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Biblical scholar Kurt Aland ascribed it as a “strict text”, and placed it in Category I of his New Testament manuscript classification system. Present location It is currently housed at the Ashmolean Museum (P. Oxy. 2384) in Oxford and at the Papyrological Institute of Florence in National Archaeological Museum (Florence) (PSI 3407 – formerly CNR 419, 420).
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 70 (P. Oxy. 70) is a petition, written in Greek. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a sheet. It was discovered by Grenfell and Hunt in 1897 in Oxyrhynchus. The document was written between 212 and 213. Currently it is housed in the Bolton Art Gallery and Museum in Bolton. The text was published by Grenfell and Hunt in 1898. The letter was addressed to Aurelius Herapion, epistrategus, and concerns a debt owed to the author by Agathodaemon. It was written by Ptolemaeus, former agoranomus. The measurements of the fragment are 184 by 148 mm.
Textual variants in the Gospel of Matthew are the subject of the study called textual criticism of the New Testament. Textual variants in manuscripts arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to a text that is being reproduced. An abbreviated list of textual variants in this particular book is given in this article below. Origen, writing in the 3rd century, was one of the first who made remarks about differences between manuscripts of texts that were eventually collected as the New Testament. He declared his preferences among variant readings. For example, in Matthew 27:16–17, he favored "Barabbas" against "Jesus Barabbas" (In Matt. Comm. ser. 121). "Gergeza" was preferred over "Geraza" or "Gadara" (Commentary on John VI.40 (24) – see Matthew 8:28). Most of the variations are not significant and some common alterations include the deletion, rearrangement, repetition, or replacement of one or more words when the copyist's eye returns to a similar word in the wrong location of the original text. If their eye skips to an earlier word, they may create a repetition (error of dittography). If their eye skips to a later word, they may create an omission. They may resort to performing a rearranging of words to retain the overall meaning without compromising the context. In other instances, the copyist may add text from memory from a similar or parallel text in another location. Otherwise, they may also replace some text of the original with an alternative reading. Spellings occasionally change. Synonyms may be substituted. A pronoun may be changed into a proper noun (such as "he said" becoming "Jesus said"). John Mill's 1707 Greek New Testament was estimated to contain some 30,000 variants in its accompanying textual apparatus which was based on "nearly 100 [Greek] manuscripts." Peter J. Gurry puts the number of non-spelling variants among New Testament manuscripts around 500,000, though he acknowledges his estimate is higher than all previous ones. The critical editions of the Gospel of Matthew are based on all available papyri: Papyrus 1, Papyrus 19, Papyrus 21, Papyrus 25, Papyrus 35, Papyrus 37, Papyrus 44, Papyrus 45, Papyrus 53, Papyrus 62, Papyrus 64, Papyrus 70, Papyrus 71, Papyrus 77, Papyrus 86, and on the following uncials: 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 019, 032, 035, 038, 058, 064, 067, 071, 073, 074, 078, 084, 085, 087, 089, 090, 092a, 094, 0104, 0106, 0107, 0118, 0119, 0128, 0135, 0136, 0137, 0138, 0148, 0160, 0161, 0164, 0170, 0171, 0197, 0200, 0204, 0231, 0234, 0237, 0242, 0249, 0255, 0271, 0275. Note: This running list of textual variants is nonexhaustive, and is continually being updated in accordance with the modern critical publications of the Greek New Testament — United Bible Societies' Fifth Revised Edition (UBS5) published in 2014, Novum Testamentum Graece: Nestle-Aland 28th Revised Edition of the Greek New Testament (NA28) published in 2012, and Novum Testamentum Graecum: Editio Critica Maior (ECM) last published in 2017 — and supplemented by nonmodern publications wherever applicable, including those of Hodges & Farstad, Greeven, Lachmann, Legg, Merk, Nestle-Aland editions 25–27, Aland's Synopsis Quattuor Evangeliorum (SQE), Souter, Swanson, Tischendorf, Tregelles, von Soden, and Westcott & Hort.
The Rylands Library Papyrus P52, also known as the St John's fragment and with an accession reference of Papyrus Rylands Greek 457, is a fragment from a papyrus codex, measuring 3.5 by 2.5 inches (8.9 cm × 6.4 cm) at its widest (about the size of a credit card), and conserved with the Rylands Papyri at the John Rylands University Library Manchester, UK. The front (recto) contains parts of seven lines from the Gospel of John 18:31–33, in Greek, and the back (verso) contains parts of seven lines from verses 37–38. Although Rylands 𝔓52 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering) is generally accepted as the earliest extant record of a canonical New Testament text, the dating of the papyrus is still debated. The original editor proposed a date range of 100–150 CE, while a recent exercise by Pasquale Orsini and Willy Clarysse, aiming to generate consistent revised date estimates for all New Testament papyri written before the mid-4th century, has proposed a date for 𝔓52 of 125–175 CE. A few scholars say that considering the difficulty of fixing the date of a fragment based solely on paleographic evidence allows the possibility of dates outside these range estimates, such that "any serious consideration of the window of possible dates for P52 must include dates in the later second and early third centuries." The fragment of papyrus was among a group acquired on the Egyptian market in 1920 by Bernard Grenfell, who chose several fragments for the Rylands Library and began work on preparing them for publication before becoming too ill to complete the task. Colin H. Roberts later continued this work and published the first transcription and translation of the fragment in 1935. Roberts found comparator hands in dated papyrus documents between the late 1st and mid 2nd centuries, with the largest concentration of Hadrianic date (117 CE to 138 CE). Since this gospel text would be unlikely to have reached Egypt before c. 100 CE, he proposed a date in the first half of the 2nd century. Roberts proposed the closest match to 𝔓52 as being an undated papyrus of the Iliad conserved in Berlin; and in the 70 years since Roberts's essay the estimated date of this primary comparator hand has been confirmed as being around 100 CE, but other dated comparator hands have also since been suggested, with dates ranging into the second half of the 2nd century, and even into the 3rd century.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
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