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Mansa Musa was the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa. Details recorded here should be sourced; unknown information is left blank.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
 | This article needs more citations. (June 2014) |
| John the Ripper | |
|---|---|
 Running john with a password list on a shadow file | |
| Developer | OpenWall |
| Release | 1996[1] |
| Stable release | 1.9.0[2]
/ May 14, 2019 |
| Operating system | Cross-platform |
| Type | Password cracking |
| License | GNU General Public License Proprietary (Pro version) |
| Website | www |
| Repository | |
John the Ripper is a free password cracking software tool.[3] Originally developed for the Unix operating system, it can run on fifteen different platforms (eleven of which are architecture-specific versions of Unix, DOS, Win32, BeOS, and OpenVMS). It is among the most frequently used password testing and breaking programs[4] as it combines a number of password crackers into one package, automatically detects password hash types, and includes a customizable cracker. It can be run against various encrypted password formats including several crypt password hash types most commonly found on various Unix versions (based on DES, MD5, or Blowfish), Kerberos AFS, and Windows NT/2000/XP/2003 LM hash. Additional modules have extended its ability to include MD4-based password hashes and passwords stored in LDAP, MySQL, and others.[5]
Here is a sample output in a Debian environment.
$ cat pass.txt
user:AZl.zWwxIh15Q
$ john -w:password.lst pass.txt
Loaded 1 password hash (Traditional DES [24/32 4K])
example (user)
guesses: 1 time: 0:00:00:00 100% c/s: 752 trying: 12345 - sandwich
The first line is a command to expand the data stored in the file "pass.txt". The next line is the contents of the file, i.e. the user (AZl) and the hash associated with that user (zWwxIh15Q). The third line is the command for running John the Ripper utilizing the "-w" flag. "password.lst" is the name of a text file full of words the program will use against the hash, pass.txt makes another appearance as the file we want John to work on.
Then we see output from John working. Loaded 1 password hash — the one we saw with the "cat" command — and the type of hash John thinks it is (Traditional DES). We also see that the attempt required one guess at a time of 0 with a 100% guess rate.
| This section needs more citations. (November 2024) |
One of the modes John can use is the dictionary attack.[6] It takes text string samples (usually from a file, called a wordlist, containing words found in a dictionary or real passwords cracked before), encrypting it in the same format as the password being examined (including both the encryption algorithm and key), and comparing the output to the encrypted string. It can also perform a variety of alterations to the dictionary words and try these. Many of these alterations are also used in John's single attack mode, which modifies an associated plaintext (such as a username with an encrypted password) and checks the variations against the hashes.
John also offers a brute force mode, dubbed "incremental mode".[6] In this type of attack, the program goes through all the possible plaintexts, hashing each one and then comparing it to the input hash. John uses character frequency tables to try plaintexts containing more frequently used characters first. This method is useful for cracking passwords that do not appear in dictionary wordlists, but it takes a long time to run.
In addition to wordlist mode and incremental mode, there is :
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
In cryptanalysis and computer security, password cracking is the process of guessing passwords protecting a computer system. A common approach (brute-force attack) is to repeatedly try guesses for the password and to check them against an available cryptographic hash of the password. Another type of approach is password spraying, which is often automated and occurs slowly over time to remain undetected, using a list of common passwords. The purpose of password cracking might be to help a user recover a forgotten password (since installing an entirely new password would involve System Administration privileges), to gain unauthorized access to a system, or to act as a preventive measure whereby system administrators check for easily crackable passwords. On a file-by-file basis, password cracking is utilized to gain access to digital evidence to which a judge has allowed access when a particular file's permissions are restricted. Brute-force password guessing attacks against online systems are usually ineffective because systems are designed to lock accounts after a certain number of unsuccessful login attempts. Obtaining the cryptographic hash of the password makes it possible to perform an unlimited number of offline guesses. Hash files might be obtained by third parties by court-ordered access, or as part of an illegal data breach. If passwords are reused across websites, the hash file obtained from one website can be used for cracking, and then the discovered passwords can be attempted against the same email addresses on other websites. The password spraying approach evades account lockout countermeasures by guessing the same password across many accounts, allowing time to pass between attempts on the same account, which might include legitimate logins. This approach does not target specific accounts.
Cracking may refer to: Cracking, the formation of a fracture or partial fracture in a solid material studied as fracture mechanics Performing a sternotomy Fluid catalytic cracking, a catalytic process widely used in oil refineries for cracking large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules Cracking (chemistry), the decomposition of complex organic molecules into smaller ones Cracking joints, the practice of manipulating one's bone joints to make a sharp sound Cracking codes, see cryptanalysis Whip cracking Safe cracking Crackin', band featuring Lester Abrams Packing and cracking, a method of creating voting districts to give a political party an advantage In computing: Another name for security hacking; the practice of defeating computer security. Password cracking, the process of discovering the plaintext of an encrypted computer password. Software cracking, the defeating of software copy protection.
Crack is a Unix password cracking program designed to allow system administrators to locate users who may have weak passwords vulnerable to a dictionary attack. Crack was the first standalone password cracker for Unix systems and the first to introduce programmable dictionary generation as well. Crack began in 1990 when Alec Muffett, a Unix system administrator at the University of Wales Aberystwyth, was trying to improve Dan Farmer's pwc cracker in COPS. Muffett found that by re-engineering the memory management, he got a noticeable performance increase. This led to a total rewrite which became Crack v2.0 and further development to improve usability.
John the Ripper is a free password cracking software tool. Originally developed for the Unix operating system, it can run on fifteen different platforms (eleven of which are architecture-specific versions of Unix, DOS, Win32, BeOS, and OpenVMS). It is among the most frequently used password testing and breaking programs as it combines a number of password crackers into one package, automatically detects password hash types, and includes a customizable cracker. It can be run against various encrypted password formats including several crypt password hash types most commonly found on various Unix versions (based on DES, MD5, or Blowfish), Kerberos AFS, and Windows NT/2000/XP/2003 LM hash. Additional modules have extended its ability to include MD4-based password hashes and passwords stored in LDAP, MySQL, and others.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.
