Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| copy | |
|---|---|
 The ReactOS copy command | |
| Developers | DEC, Intel, MetaComCo, Heath Company, Zilog, Microware, HP, Microsoft, IBM, DR, TSL, Datalight, Novell, Toshiba |
| Written in | MS-DOS: x86 assembly language |
| Operating system | RT-11, OS/8, RSX-11, ISIS-II, iRMX 86, TOPS-10, TOPS-20, OpenVMS, TRIPOS, HDOS, DOS, MSX-DOS, FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS, PC-MOS, Z80-RIO, OS-9, MPE/iX, OS/2, Windows, ReactOS, SymbOS, DexOS |
| Type | Command |
| License | HDOS: PD MS-DOS: MIT PC-MOS: GPL v3 ReactOS: GPL v2 |
| Repository | github |
copy is a shell command for copying files.[1][2]
Different implementations provide various capabilities, such as:
copy path con outputs the file at path to the console, and copy con path copies text typed at the console to a file at pathThe command is available in RT-11,[3] OS/8,[4] RSX-11,[5] ISIS-II,[6] iRMX 86,[7] TOPS-10,[8] TOPS-20,[9] OpenVMS,[10] MetaComCo TRIPOS,[11] HDOS,[12] Z80-RIO,[13] OS-9,[14] DOS, FlexOS,[15] 4690 OS,[16] PC-MOS,[17] HP MPE/iX,[18] OS/2,[19] Windows,[20] ROM-DOS,[21] ReactOS,[22] SymbOS, DexOS, and 86-DOS.[23]
Under IBM PC DOS/MS-DOS the command is available since version 1.[24]
Some shells provide a copy command with a different name. In Unix-based systems, the copy command is cp. In CP/M, the command is PIP. in OpenVOS, the command is copy_file.[25]
The following copies existing file fromfile to path tofile.
copy fromfile tofile
A file can be copied to a device. The following sends a file to the printer on lpt1.
copy letter.txt lpt1
The following outputs to stdout, like the type command.
copy letter.txt con
The following concatenates the page# files into book.txt – like cat.
copy page1.txt+page2.txt book.txt
The command can copy files between drives.
The following uses text mode to copy text of the file, stopping when it reaches an EOF character.
copy /a doc1.txt + doc2.txt doc3.txt copy /a *.txt doc3.txt
The following uses binary mode, concatenating files in their entirety and ignoring EOF characters.
copy /b image1.jpg + image2.jpg image3.jpg
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
copy is a shell command for copying files. Different implementations provide various capabilities, such as: Combining (concatenating) multiple files into a single file If multiple source files are specified before the path to an existing directory, then files are copied to the directory Support for text vs. binary data; for text, the command stops when it reaches an end-of-file (EOF) character; for binary, files are copied in their entirety, ignoring EOF In DOS, a file can be copied to or from a device. For example, copy path con outputs the file at path to the console, and copy con path copies text typed at the console to a file at path
touch is a shell command that sets the modification timestamp of an existing file to be current – which on a Unix-based file system includes special files such as directories. If the input path does not specify an existing file, then it creates a new, regular file at the path. The Single UNIX Specification (SUS) specifies that touch changes the access or modification timestamps, or both. The file is identified by file system path supplied as the sole argument. If the path does not specify a file, the command creates a file with access and modification timestamps as specified or by default to the current time. By default (no options specified), touching a file is equivalent to creating it with no content or if it exists, opening and saving it without any content changes to update the modification timestamp to be current. This convenience functionality is useful for a variety of scenarios including build and backup. The tools used in such scenarios typically ignore files that are older than a certain point of time. For example, make ignores a source code file that is older than the object file it is used to create. The command is often used to create a new file, so that can subsequently open it in an editor or to create a file required by an operation that does not require specific content. A touch command first appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX. Today, the command is available for many operating systems, including many Unix and Unix-like systems, Windows (via UnxUtils and Touch for Windows.), classic Mac OS, DOS, FreeDOS, DR DOS 6.0, KolibriOS, FLEX, AROS, OS-9, ReactOS, and IBM i. The version bundled in GNU Core Utilities was written by Paul Rubin, Arnold Robbins, Jim Kingdon, David MacKenzie, and Randy Smith.
In a Unix shell, the full stop called the dot command (.) is a command that evaluates commands in a computer file in the current execution context. In the C shell, a similar functionality is provided as the source command, and this name is seen in "extended" POSIX shells as well. The dot command is not to be confused with a dot file, which is a dot-prefixed hidden file or hidden directory. Nor is it to be confused with the ./scriptfile notation for running commands, which is simply a relative path pointing to the current directory (notated in Unix as a '.' character, and typically outside of the Path variable).
env is a shell command that either reports environment variables or runs a command in a subprocess with modified environment variables. The command is provided in a Unix-like system. By default, a subprocess inherits the environment variables of the parent process. env supports adding, modifying and removing the copied variables. env can also be used to launch the correct interpreter. In this usage, the environment is typically not changed. The command does not modify environment variables in the process in which it runs. Mechanisms for doing so include the export command and assigning a name to a value like NAME=value. The GNU coreutils version was written by Richard Mlynarik, David MacKenzie, and Assaf Gordon. It first appeared in 4.4BSD, and is a part of POSIX.1 (with the -i option only). This version has been extended to handle signals and the current directory. FreeBSD's version supports a custom search path. Extensions found in both versions include -u, for unsetting variables, and -S, for splitting arguments (mainly in shebang).
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Mae Jemison, aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992.
