Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| touch | |
|---|---|
 Example of touch usage | |
| Original author | AT&T Bell Laboratories |
| Developers | Paul Rubin, Arnold Robbins, Jim Kingdon, David MacKenzie, Randy Smith, TSC, Microware, Apple, Digital Research, Novell, Kris Heidenstrom |
| Release | January 1979 |
| Written in | C |
| Operating system | Unix, Unix-like, Plan 9, Inferno, FLEX, OS-9, Classic Mac OS, Windows, DR DOS, AROS, FreeDOS, ReactOS, KolibriOS, IBM i |
| Platform | Cross-platform |
| Type | Command |
| License | coreutils: GPLv3+ FreeDOS: GPLv2 ReactOS: BSD-4-Clause BusyBox: GPL-2.0-only Toybox: 0BSD Plan 9: MIT License |
touch is a shell command that sets the modification timestamp of an existing file to be current – which on a Unix-based file system includes special files such as directories. If the input path does not specify an existing file, then it creates a new, regular file at the path.
The Single UNIX Specification (SUS) specifies that touch changes the access or modification timestamps, or both. The file is identified by file system path supplied as the sole argument. If the path does not specify a file, the command creates a file with access and modification timestamps as specified or by default to the current time.
By default (no options specified), touching a file is equivalent to creating it with no content or if it exists, opening and saving it without any content changes to update the modification timestamp to be current. This convenience functionality is useful for a variety of scenarios including build and backup. The tools used in such scenarios typically ignore files that are older than a certain point of time. For example, make ignores a source code file that is older than the object file it is used to create.
The command is often used to create a new file, so that can subsequently open it in an editor or to create a file required by an operation that does not require specific content.
A touch command first appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX. Today, the command is available for many operating systems, including many Unix and Unix-like systems, Windows (via UnxUtils[1] and Touch for Windows.[2]), classic Mac OS, DOS, FreeDOS,[3][4] DR DOS 6.0,[5] KolibriOS,[6] FLEX,[7] AROS,[8] OS-9,[9] ReactOS,[10] and IBM i.[11] The version bundled in GNU Core Utilities was written by Paul Rubin, Arnold Robbins, Jim Kingdon, David MacKenzie, and Randy Smith.[12]
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| User environment | |
| Text processing | |
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| Documentation | |
| Software development | |
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| File system | |
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| Processes | |
| User environment | |
| Text processing | |
| Shell builtins | |
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| Searching | |
| Software development | |
| Miscellaneous | |
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
copy is a shell command for copying files. Different implementations provide various capabilities, such as: Combining (concatenating) multiple files into a single file If multiple source files are specified before the path to an existing directory, then files are copied to the directory Support for text vs. binary data; for text, the command stops when it reaches an end-of-file (EOF) character; for binary, files are copied in their entirety, ignoring EOF In DOS, a file can be copied to or from a device. For example, copy path con outputs the file at path to the console, and copy con path copies text typed at the console to a file at path
In computing, a command is a high-level instruction received via an external interface that directs the behavior of a computer program. Commonly, commands are sent to a program via a command-line interface, a script, a network protocol, or as an event triggered in a graphical user interface. Many commands support arguments to specify input and to modify default behavior. Terminology and syntax varies but there are notable common approaches. Typically, an option or a flag is a name (without whitespace) with a prefix such as dash or a slash that modifies default behavior. An option might have a required value that follows it. Typically, a flag refers to an option that does not have a following value. A parameter is an argument that specifies input to the command and its meaning is based on its position in the command line relative to other parameters; generally ignoring options. A parameter can specify anything, but often it specifies a file by name or path. The term command is sometimes also used for internal program instructions, but often other terms are more appropriate such as statement, expression, function, or conditional. For example, printing a message in Bash is via the command printf, while in Python it is via the function print(). Further, some aspects of adjacent technology are conflated with commands. For example, conditional logic in Bash and Python is called an expression and statements in Java.
touch is a shell command that sets the modification timestamp of an existing file to be current – which on a Unix-based file system includes special files such as directories. If the input path does not specify an existing file, then it creates a new, regular file at the path. The Single UNIX Specification (SUS) specifies that touch changes the access or modification timestamps, or both. The file is identified by file system path supplied as the sole argument. If the path does not specify a file, the command creates a file with access and modification timestamps as specified or by default to the current time. By default (no options specified), touching a file is equivalent to creating it with no content or if it exists, opening and saving it without any content changes to update the modification timestamp to be current. This convenience functionality is useful for a variety of scenarios including build and backup. The tools used in such scenarios typically ignore files that are older than a certain point of time. For example, make ignores a source code file that is older than the object file it is used to create. The command is often used to create a new file, so that can subsequently open it in an editor or to create a file required by an operation that does not require specific content. A touch command first appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX. Today, the command is available for many operating systems, including many Unix and Unix-like systems, Windows (via UnxUtils and Touch for Windows.), classic Mac OS, DOS, FreeDOS, DR DOS 6.0, KolibriOS, FLEX, AROS, OS-9, ReactOS, and IBM i. The version bundled in GNU Core Utilities was written by Paul Rubin, Arnold Robbins, Jim Kingdon, David MacKenzie, and Randy Smith.
In a Unix shell, the full stop called the dot command (.) is a command that evaluates commands in a computer file in the current execution context. In the C shell, a similar functionality is provided as the source command, and this name is seen in "extended" POSIX shells as well. The dot command is not to be confused with a dot file, which is a dot-prefixed hidden file or hidden directory. Nor is it to be confused with the ./scriptfile notation for running commands, which is simply a relative path pointing to the current directory (notated in Unix as a '.' character, and typically outside of the Path variable).
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.
