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Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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In 1968 Shirley Chisholm became the first Black woman elected to the United States Congress. In 1972 she launched a campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination, breaking another political barrier.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| Pharo | |
|---|---|
 Pharo logo with lighthouse | |
 | |
| Paradigm | object-oriented |
| Family | Smalltalk: Squeak |
| Developer | Pharo community |
| First appeared | March 2008 |
| Stable release | 13.1.0[1] 
/ 26 June 2025 |
| Typing discipline | dynamic |
| Implementation language | Smalltalk |
| Platform | ARM, IA-32, x86-64 |
| OS | Windows, Linux, macOS, others |
| License | MIT, partly Apache 2.0[2] |
| Website | pharo |
| Influenced by | |
| Smalltalk (Squeak) | |
Pharo is a cross-platform implementation of the classic Smalltalk-80 programming language and runtime system.[3] It is based on the OpenSmalltalk virtual machine (VM) named Cog,[4][5][6][7]: 16 which evaluates a dynamic, reflective, and object-oriented programming language with a syntax closely resembling Smalltalk-80. It is free and open-source software, released under a mix of MIT, and Apache 2 licenses.
Pharo is shipped with source code compiled into a system image that contains all software needed to run Pharo.[7]: 16 Like the original Smalltalk-80, Pharo provides several live programming features such as immediate object manipulation, live updates, and just-in-time compilation (JIT). The system image includes an integrated development environment (IDE) to modify its components.
Pharo was forked from Squeak v3.9 in March 2008.[8][3][7][7]: 10 [9]
Pharo is a pure object-oriented, dynamically typed, and reflective language. The stated project goal is to revisit Smalltalk design and enhance it.
The name Pharo comes from the French word "phare" (French pronunciation: [faʁ]) which means lighthouse. This is why the Pharo logo shows a drawing of a lighthouse inside the final letter O of the name.
Pharo is based on general concepts of Smalltalk but seeks to improve on them, so does not limit itself to them. The basic syntax of the language has a close resemblance to Smalltalk. However, the way classes are defined in Pharo differs from other Smalltalk dialects.[how?]
The Pharo syntax is based on Smalltalk-80 language syntax with several extensions. Some of these are common among modern Smalltalk dialects.
{1. 2. 1+2}
#[1 2 3 4]
3.14s2
<gtInspectorPresentationOrder: 30>
The Pharo language syntax is supposed to be very simple and minimalist. The basic language elements are often presented on one postcard as a showcase for the language's brevity. The grammar is classified as LL(1).
The language grammar does not specify directly how the code should be stored in files. Pharo uses Tonel as the preferred code serialization format.
Pharo emerged as a fork of Squeak, an open-source Smalltalk environment created by the original Smalltalk-80 team (Dan Ingalls and Alan Kay). Pharo was created by S. Ducasse [1] and M. Denker in March 2008. It focuses on modern software engineering and development techniques.[citation needed] Pharo is supported by the Pharo consortium (for legal entities) [2] and the Pharo association for physical persons [3].
| Pharo version | Release date | Major features |
|---|---|---|
| March 16, 2008[10] | Fork of Squeak environment | |
| 1.0 | April 15, 2010 | real closures, EToys and MVC removed |
| 1.1 | July 26, 2010 | Cog JIT VM, Settings framework |
| 1.2 | March 29, 2011 | new Finder, Recent changes tool, improved Help, better themes |
| 1.3 | August 2011 | Zinc, headless images |
| 1.4 | April 2012[11] | Ring metamodel, better code simulator |
| 2.0 | March 18, 2013[12] | browser improvements, QA tools, Fuel serializer, better files API |
| 3.0 | April 2014[13] | new modular compiler (Opal) and debugger, continuations |
| 4.0 | April 2015[14] | GTools, slots |
| 5.0 | May 2016[15] | Spur VM, UFFI, improved reflectivity |
| 6.0 | 6 June 2017[16] | 64-bit and Git support |
| 6.1 | 24 July 2017[17] | improved Git support |
| 7.0 | 22 January 2019[18] | bootstrapping, new code browser (Calypso), stateful traits |
| 8.0 | 20 January 2020[19] | improved support of Git, testing, refactoring and Windows |
| 9.0 | 15 July 2021[20] | GTK3 support, object-centric debugger and inspector, refactorings, official ARM VMs |
| 10.0 | 5 April 2022[21] | Cleanups, modularization, many rewritten and improved tools |
| 11.0 | 11 May 2023[22] | Ephemerons, SIMD, more efficient closures, improved tools |
| 12.0 | 26 May 2024[23] | New debug points system, new class definitions, permanent space |
| 13.0 | 21 May 2025[24] | HDPI support, Zoomable UI, New Process Browser, Organic window manager, Async IO using epoll on unixes |
| 13.1 | 26 June 2025[25] | Improvements merged since version 13.0 |
Some companies use Pharo for their development projects.[26] In particular, they use:
The Pharo consortium[31] was created for companies wishing to support the Pharo project. The Pharo association[32] was created in 2011[33] for users wishing to support the project.
Pharo relies on a virtual machine that is written almost entirely in Smalltalk. Beginning in 2008, a new virtual machine (Cog) for Squeak, Pharo and Newspeak has been developed that performs nearly as well as the fastest Smalltalk virtual machine.[34] In 2014/2015 the VM community is working on Spur, a new Memory Manager for Cog that should again increase performance and provide better 64-bit VM support.[35]
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Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Pharo is a cross-platform implementation of the classic Smalltalk-80 programming language and runtime system. It is based on the OpenSmalltalk virtual machine (VM) named Cog, which evaluates a dynamic, reflective, and object-oriented programming language with a syntax closely resembling Smalltalk-80. It is free and open-source software, released under a mix of MIT, and Apache 2 licenses. Pharo is shipped with source code compiled into a system image that contains all software needed to run Pharo. Like the original Smalltalk-80, Pharo provides several live programming features such as immediate object manipulation, live updates, and just-in-time compilation (JIT). The system image includes an integrated development environment (IDE) to modify its components. Pharo was forked from Squeak v3.9 in March 2008.
Pharo House, also known as The Pratt House, is a historic home located in Middletown, New Castle County, Delaware. It was built around 1885, and is a 2+1⁄2-story, five-bay L-shaped frame dwelling with a steep gable roof. It has a one-story, flat-roofed addition on the ell added in the 1940s. It features two four-window bays that project from the main block and a full-width front porch. Also on the property are the contributing granary or barn, battery house, and Big Chicken House or Breeder House. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.
The Palais du Pharo (French pronunciation: [palɛ dy faʁo] Occitan: Palais del Pharo) is a palace in Marseille, southern France, overlooking the Mediterranean Sea, west of the Old Port (Vieux-Port). It was built in Second Empire style by Emperor Napoleon III for Empress Eugénie, starting in 1858. However, at the fall of the Second Empire in 1870, the building had just been finished. Nowadays, the palace and its gardens are used for events, with the park open to the public. In 2025 it became a monument historique, celebrating its significance in local heritage.
The École du Pharo was a French military school, specialized in teaching and researching tropical medicine, based in Marseille on the grounds of the Palais du Pharo.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Mae Jemison, aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992.