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In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
Philippinites, or rizalites are tektites found in the Philippines. They are considered to be about 710,000 years old on the average[1] and generally ranging in size from millimeters to centimeters.[2] Their age corresponds with the age of other tektites in the Australian strewn tektite field.[1] In 1964, a very large philippinite, weighing 226.3 grams (0.499 pounds) with dimensions 6.5 x 6.2 x 5.2 cm, was purchased by the University of California, Los Angeles Department of Astronomy.[3][4] The heaviest philippinite ever found weighs 1,281.89 grams (2.8261 pounds) in its splash-form[Note 1], which is also the heaviest tektite of this kind.[5]
The term rizalite was named after the Philippine province of Rizal where the first black tektites were rediscovered in October 1926 at Novaliches (which was then part of Rizal).[3] Although, it was only in 1928 that the term was proposed by American anthropologist H. Otley Beyer, dubbed as the father of Philippine tektite studies, to refer to tektites found in the Philippines.[6] Philippinite has become the more favored term because other tektites were found in other areas of the Philippines such as the Bicol region and the town of Anda in the province of Pangasinan.[6][7] Some early authors referred to Philippine tektites as "obsidianites" but that too has fallen out of use due to the introduction of the term philippinite by succeeding authors.[8]
In ancient Philippines, tektites were used by early settlers in the Philippines as arrowheads and other tools[3] as well as decorative purposes.[1] During the Philippine Iron Age, due to the polish features of philippinites found in graves, it was evidenced that philippinites were used as amulets or charms.[3][8] In modern times, it is generally used as a collector's item.[2]
The following table details the chemical composition of philippinite:[3]
| Oxides | Content (in weight percentage) |
Number of determinations |
|---|---|---|
| SiO2 | 70.66-71.64 | 4 |
| TiO2 | 0.63-1.04 | 4 |
| Al2O3 | 12.08-13.52 | 4 |
| Fe2O3 | 0.59-2.03 | 3 |
| FeO | 3.03-5.32 | 4 |
| MnO | 0.08-0.16 | 4 |
| CaO | 2.95-3.42 | 4 |
| MgO | 2.23-3.65 | 4 |
| Na2O | 1.21-1.66 | 4 |
| K2O | 1.69-2.28 | 4 |
| H2O+ | 0.15-0.63 | 4 |
| H2O− | Traces | 1 |
| P2O5 | 0.10-0.18 | 3 |
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Philippinites, or rizalites are tektites found in the Philippines. They are considered to be about 710,000 years old on the average and generally ranging in size from millimeters to centimeters. Their age corresponds with the age of other tektites in the Australian strewn tektite field. In 1964, a very large philippinite, weighing 226.3 grams (0.499 pounds) with dimensions 6.5 x 6.2 x 5.2 cm, was purchased by the University of California, Los Angeles Department of Astronomy. The heaviest philippinite ever found weighs 1,281.89 grams (2.8261 pounds) in its splash-form[Note 1], which is also the heaviest tektite of this kind.
Tektites (from Ancient Greek τηκτός (tēktós) 'molten') are gravel-sized bodies composed of black, green, brown or grey natural glass formed from terrestrial debris ejected during meteorite impacts. The term was coined by Austrian geologist Franz Eduard Suess. They generally range in size from millimetres to centimetres. Millimetre-scale tektites are known as microtektites. Tektites are characterized by: a fairly homogeneous composition an extremely low content of water and other volatiles an abundance of lechatelierite a general lack of microscopic crystals known as microlites no chemical relationship to the local bedrock or local sediments distribution within geographically extensive strewn fields
Tasmanite are tektites found in Tasmania, a regional form of australite, the most common type of tektite, glass of meteorite origin, traditionally named for its geographic location. Quite often, tasmanites are found in the literature under the name australites (from Tasmania), together with which they are included in a very broad category of tektites, originating from the largest Australasian tektite strewnfield on earth. In the northern part of the scatter field, australites partially overlap and connect with part of the range of indochinites, and on the southern border they are present under the name tasmanites. In general, all of the listed regional tektites are included in the general class of indochinites-australites, sometimes referred to under the summary name Australasian tektites. Under normal lighting, tasmanites are most often opaque and have a dark brown, brownish-greenish or almost dull black color. Among the general part of tasmanites belonging to the southern branch of australites, there are varieties of regular “aerodynamic" shape (sometimes in the form of a small bowl), disc-shaped or hollow balls. In some specimens, the correct form has a man-made appearance, creating the impression of artificial origin. In addition to the regional part of the australite scatter field, Tasmanites also include purely local tektites, characteristic exclusively of certain regions of Tasmania. Tasmanites were found in considerable quantities in an area of about 410 km² south of Queenstown in the vicinity of Mount Darwin and were called "Darwin glass". According to calculations (approximate quantity per unit of territory), the total weight of this variety of tasmanites should have been several thousand tons.
This list of impact structures (including impact craters) on Earth contains the majority of the 194+ confirmed impact structures given in the Earth Impact Database as of 2024. Alphabetical lists for different continents can be found under Impact structures by continent below. Unconfirmed structures can be found at List of possible impact structures on Earth.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Joe Louis.
