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Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
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| BOH Plantations Sdn Bhd | |
|---|---|
 | |
 BOH tea estate | |
| Type | Private limited company |
| Industry | Tea |
| Founded | 1929 in Cameron Highlands, Malaya |
| Founder | J.A. Russell[1] |
| Headquarters | , Malaysia[2] |
| Key people | Caroline Russell (CEO, executive chair)[3] |
| Products | Tea |
| Website | bohtea |
BOH Plantations Sdn Bhd (doing business as BOH) is the largest black tea manufacturer in Malaysia, with both domestic and international distribution. The BOH tea plantation, which is located in Cameron Highlands, Pahang, is also the largest tea plantation in the country. It was founded in 1929 by J. A. Russell, a British-born businessman, during the British colonial era in Malaya; the plantation was the first hill country estate established in Malaya at the time.[4]
 | This section needs more citations. (February 2025) |
James Archibald Russell arrived in Kuala Lumpur in 1890 at age seven and learned to speak several Chinese languages, along with Malay. The primary export from Malaya, which was a British colony at the time, was tin. Prior to BOH, Russell had worked in the Straits Trading Company, where he made connections with wealthy Chinese tin miners thanks to his proficiency in their languages.[4] Besides investing in tin, Russell and his brothers (Philip, Donald, and Robert) put money in the nascent rubber industry in 1908. J. A. and Philip also invested in railway-related construction, including the new Kuala Lumpur railway station, which was built by one of Russell's companies between 1910 and 1917. In 1913, Russell purchased almost a third of the real estate in the town of Ipoh. He and Donald (a mining engineer from the Colorado School of Mines) founded a colliery at Batu Arang, Selangor, around 25 kilometres from the capital.
Despite the worldwide Great Depression at the time BOH was founded in 1929, Russell was optimistic about the tea plantation business, due to steady demand. He was granted[when?] a land concession (together with veteran tea planter A.B. Milne from Ceylon) for the first BOH tea garden in Habu. At the time, the land was undeveloped jungle terrain, on steep slopes; with a steamroller and mule teams, the stepped plantation was created. The plantation was named after Bohea Hills in Fujian, China, where "bohea" or wuyi (武夷) tea comes from.[5]
As of 2016, BOH Plantations owned four tea gardens: in Habu, Fairlie Tea Garden, Sungai Palas Tea Garden, and Bukit Cheeding in Selangor.[6] There is a packaging factory near the main garden, and the company offers tours.[7][8] Together, these four plantations total about 1,200 hectares of land and produce about 4 million kg of tea every year, accounting for about 70% of Malaysian tea output.[6]
 Local food and drinks companies of Malaysia | |
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| Foods | |
| Drinks | |
| Coffee house and restaurants | |
| International subsidiaries | |
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
BOH Plantations Sdn Bhd (doing business as BOH) is the largest black tea manufacturer in Malaysia, with both domestic and international distribution. The BOH tea plantation, which is located in Cameron Highlands, Pahang, is also the largest tea plantation in the country. It was founded in 1929 by J. A. Russell, a British-born businessman, during the British colonial era in Malaya; the plantation was the first hill country estate established in Malaya at the time.
The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations was an English colony on the eastern coast of North America, founded in 1636 on former land of the Narragansett tribe by Puritan minister Roger Williams, at a settlement he originally called Providence Plantations, after his exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Joined by three other settlements soon founded on Narragansett Bay, the colony became a haven for religious dissenters and was known for its commitment to religious freedom and self-governance. The four Narragansett Bay settlements created an official confederacy through a charter under the Patent of 1643–1644, granted by the English Parliament. It received a more comprehensive Royal Charter in 1663 from King Charles II, which established its government and guaranteed its religious liberties. Rhode Island continued as a self-governing colony until 1776, when it declared independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution, becoming the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
Plantations in 16th- and 17th-century Ireland involved the confiscation of Irish-owned land by the English Crown and the colonisation of this land with settlers from Great Britain. The main plantations took place from the 1550s to the 1620s, the biggest of which was the plantation of Ulster. The plantations led to the founding of many towns, massive demographic, cultural and economic changes, changes in land ownership and the landscape, and also to centuries of ethnic and sectarian conflict. They created large communities with British and Protestant identities, and a new Protestant elite. The Plantations took place before and during the earliest British colonisation of the Americas, and a group known as the West Country Men were involved in both Irish and American colonisation. There had been small-scale immigration from Britain since the 12th century, after the Anglo-Norman invasion. By the 15th century, direct English control had shrunk to an area called the Pale. In the 1540s the English Tudor conquest of Ireland began. The first plantations were in the 1550s, during the reign of Queen Mary I, in Laois ('Queen's County') and Offaly ('King's County'). These plantations were based around existing frontier forts, but were largely unsuccessful due to fierce resistance from Irish clans. The next plantations were during the reign of Elizabeth I. In 1568 there was an attempt to establish a colony in Kerrycurrihy, but it was destroyed by the Irish. In the 1570s a privately funded plantation of east Ulster was attempted, but it also sparked conflict with the local Irish lord and ended in failure. The Munster plantation of the 1580s followed the Desmond Rebellions. Businessmen were encouraged to invest in the scheme and English colonists were settled on land confiscated from the defeated rebel lords. However, the settlements were scattered and attracted far fewer settlers than planned. When the Nine Years' War broke out in the 1590s, most of these settlements were abandoned, although English settlers began to return following the war. The plantation of Ulster began in the 1610s, during the reign of James I. Following their defeat in the Nine Years' War, many rebel Ulster lords fled Ireland and their lands were confiscated. This was the biggest and most successful of the plantations and comprised most of the province of Ulster. While Ulster was mainly Irish-speaking and Catholic, the new settlers were required to be English-speaking Protestants, with most families coming from the Scottish Lowlands and Northern England. This eventually created a distinct Ulster Protestant community. The Ulster plantation was one cause of the 1641 Irish Rebellion, during which thousands of settlers were killed, expelled or fled. After the Irish Catholics were defeated in the Cromwellian conquest of 1652, most remaining Catholic-owned land was confiscated and thousands of English soldiers settled in Ireland. Scottish settlement in Ulster resumed and intensified during the Scottish famine of the 1690s. By the 1720s, British Protestants were the majority in Ulster.
Sugarcane was introduced to Hawaiʻi by its first inhabitants in approximately 600 AD and was observed by Captain Cook upon arrival in the islands in 1778. Sugar quickly turned into a big business and generated rapid population growth in the islands with 337,000 people immigrating over the span of a century. The sugar grown and processed in Hawaiʻi was shipped primarily to the United States and, in smaller quantities, globally. Sugarcane and pineapple plantations were the largest employers in Hawaiʻi. Sugar production ended in 2016, with a small quantity of sugarcane still being grown for the manufacture of Rhum agricole.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.
