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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| Pneumatoraptor Temporal range: Santonian,
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Holotype left scapulocoracoid | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Clade: | Dinosauria |
| Clade: | Saurischia |
| Clade: | Theropoda |
| Clade: | Paraves |
| Genus: | †Pneumatoraptor Ősi, Apesteguía & Kowalewski, 2010 |
| Species: | †P. fodori
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| Binomial name | |
| †Pneumatoraptor fodori Ősi, Apesteguía & Kowalewski, 2010
| |
Pneumatoraptor is a genus of small paravian, possibly a dromaeosaurid,[1] dinosaur that lived in Hungary. It is known from a single complete left shoulder girdle (scapulocoracoid) found in the Csehbánya Formation of the Iharkút locality in the Bakony Mountains of western Hungary. This formation dates to the late Cretaceous period (Santonian age) about 85 million years ago.[2]
The type species is Pneumatoraptor fodori, named for Géza Fodor, who provided funding for the dig. The genus name Pneumatoraptor, which means "air thief",[3] refers to the pneumaticity of the bone, the hollow spaces that would have been filled with air sacs in life. The holotype specimen is identified by the catalog number MTM V.2008.38.1. and housed at the Hungarian Natural History Museum in Budapest.[2]
Pneumatoraptor differs from other theropods in having a narrow shoulder blade that is nearly circular in cross section, as well as having a large opening in the bone to house a hollow air sac cavity. The bone is small, indicating that the animal was about three times smaller than Velociraptor. The shoulder girdle is L-shaped, showing it to be a member of the group Paraves, which also includes the dromaeosaurids, troodontids, and birds. While the Pneumatoraptor remains are too incomplete to tell which, if any, of these specific groups it belongs to, many of the features of the bones are similar to dromaeosaurids.[2]
Other paravian remains from the same formation may belong to Pneumatoraptor. These include isolated teeth, claws, tail vertebrae, and a partial lower leg bone (tibia).[2]
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link) Supplementary Material
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Pneumatoraptor is a genus of small paravian, possibly a dromaeosaurid, dinosaur that lived in Hungary. It is known from a single complete left shoulder girdle (scapulocoracoid) found in the Csehbánya Formation of the Iharkút locality in the Bakony Mountains of western Hungary. This formation dates to the late Cretaceous period (Santonian age) about 85 million years ago. The type species is Pneumatoraptor fodori, named for Géza Fodor, who provided funding for the dig. The genus name Pneumatoraptor, which means "air thief", refers to the pneumaticity of the bone, the hollow spaces that would have been filled with air sacs in life. The holotype specimen is identified by the catalog number MTM V.2008.38.1. and housed at the Hungarian Natural History Museum in Budapest.
Therizinosaurus ( ; meaning 'scythe lizard') is a genus of very large therizinosaurid dinosaurs that lived in the Maastrichtian age during the Late Cretaceous period in what is now Asia roughly 69-66 million years ago. It contains a single species, Therizinosaurus cheloniformis, known from the fossiliferous Nemegt Formation. The first remains of Therizinosaurus were found in 1948 by a Mongolian field expedition in the Gobi Desert and later described by Evgeny Maleev in 1954. The genus is only known from a few bones, including gigantic manual unguals (claw bones), from which it gets its name, and additional findings comprising fore and hindlimb elements that were discovered from the 1960s through the 1980s. Therizinosaurus was a colossal therizinosaurid that could grow up to 9–10 m (30–33 ft) long and 4–5 m (13–16 ft) tall, and weigh possibly over 5 t (5.5 short tons). Like other therizinosaurids, it would have been a slow-moving, long-necked, high browser equipped with a rhamphotheca (beak) and a wide torso for food processing. Its forelimbs were particularly robust and had three fingers that bore unguals which, unlike other relatives, were very stiffened, elongated, and only had significant curvatures at the tips. Therizinosaurus had the longest known manual unguals of any land animal, reaching above 50 cm (20 in) in length. Its hindlimbs ended in four functionally weight-bearing toes differing from other theropod groups in which the first toe was reduced to a dewclaw and also resembling the very distantly related sauropodomorphs. It was one of the last and the largest representative of its unique group, the Therizinosauria (formerly known as Segnosauria; the segnosaurs). During and after its original description in 1954, Therizinosaurus had rather complex relationships due to the lack of complete specimens and relatives at the time. Maleev thought the remains of Therizinosaurus to belong to a large turtle-like reptile, and also named a separate family for the genus: Therizinosauridae. Later on, with the discovery of more complete relatives, Therizinosaurus and kin were thought to represent some kind of Late Cretaceous sauropodomorphs or transitional ornithischians, even though at some point it was suggested that it may have been a theropod. After years of taxonomic debate, nevertheless, they are now placed in one of the major dinosaur clades, Theropoda, specifically as maniraptorans. Therizinosaurus is widely recovered within Therizinosauridae by most analyses. The unusual arms and body anatomy (extrapolated after relatives) of Therizinosaurus have been cited as an example of convergent evolution with chalicotheriines and other primarily herbivorous mammals like ground sloths, suggesting similar feeding habits. The elongated hand claws of Therizinosaurus were possibly more efficient at pulling vegetation within reach than being used for active attack or defense because it has been believed they would have been relatively fragile. However, Its arms were found to have been particularly resistant to stress, which suggests a robust and versatile use of these limbs ranging from both foraging and self defense. Therizinosaurus was a very tall animal, likely having a reduced competition over the foliage in its habitat and rivalling predators like the tyrannosaurid Tarbosaurus in size.
Gastornis is an extinct genus of large, flightless birds that lived from the middle Paleocene to the middle Eocene epochs of the Paleogene. Most known fossils have been recovered from Europe, although species historically assigned to the genus have also been reported from North America and Asia. Several genera, including the well-studied Diatryma, have traditionally been regarded as junior synonyms of Gastornis. This classification has been challenged by more recent studies, however, and some researchers regard Diatryma as a distinct and valid genus. Gastornis species were very large birds historically considered to be predators of small mammals, including early, diminutive equids. This interpretation has since been questioned by several lines of evidence. The absence of hooked claws in known Gastornis footprints, together with analyses of its beak morphology and the isotopic signatures of its bones, suggests that it was more likely herbivorous, feeding primarily on tough plant material and seeds. Gastornis is generally considered to be related to the Galloanserae, the clade comprising modern waterfowl and gamebirds.
Shuvuuia is a genus of bird-like theropod dinosaur from the late Cretaceous period of Mongolia. It is a member of the family Alvarezsauridae, small coelurosaurian dinosaurs which are characterized by short but powerful forelimbs specialized for digging. The type (and only known) species is Shuvuuia deserti, or "desert bird". The name Shuvuuia is derived from the Mongolian word shuvuu (шувуу) meaning "bird".
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.
