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Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
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| Design firm | Advanced Micro Devices |
|---|---|
| Introduced | April 2000 |
| Discontinued | February 2017 |
| Type | Dynamic frequency scaling technology |
AMD PowerNow! was AMD's dynamic frequency scaling and power saving technology targeted at mobile and embedded microprocessors. It allows for the core voltage and frequency to be controlled on-the-fly by the host operating system, or BIOS for embedded systems. PowerNow! was introduced with AMD's embedded processors using their K6 architecture, with the goal to combat the ever-increasing power demands and heat output with microprocessors at the time.[1][2]
The technology is similar in concept to Intel's first generation SpeedStep technology. However, at the time PowerNow! was released, Intel's SpeedStep only allowed the system to step between two predefined states for core voltage and frequency (high and low). This is in contrast to AMD's implementation which allowed for up to 32 customizable settings for core voltage and frequency, with steps as small as 25 or 50 mV and 33 to 55 MHz respectively. The core frequency itself can also be controlled independently.[1][3]
Though PowerNow! was originally designed with mobile and embedded systems in mind, it was adapted for use in desktop and server applications with the advent of Cool'n'Quiet and Optimized Power Management respectively. All three of these technologies aimed to complete the same goal for different segments of the market. PowerNow! as a feature was supported on AMD's server and desktop microprocessors and were not exclusive to embedded or mobile systems. It was retired and succeeded by AMD's SenseMI's Pure Power feature in 2017 with the introduction of the first generation Zen architecture.[4]
Power Saving Technologies:
Performance Boosting Technologies:
 | This computer hardware article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by adding missing information. |
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
AMD PowerNow! was AMD's dynamic frequency scaling and power saving technology targeted at mobile and embedded microprocessors. It allows for the core voltage and frequency to be controlled on-the-fly by the host operating system, or BIOS for embedded systems. PowerNow! was introduced with AMD's embedded processors using their K6 architecture, with the goal to combat the ever-increasing power demands and heat output with microprocessors at the time. The technology is similar in concept to Intel's first generation SpeedStep technology. However, at the time PowerNow! was released, Intel's SpeedStep only allowed the system to step between two predefined states for core voltage and frequency (high and low). This is in contrast to AMD's implementation which allowed for up to 32 customizable settings for core voltage and frequency, with steps as small as 25 or 50 mV and 33 to 55 MHz respectively. The core frequency itself can also be controlled independently. Though PowerNow! was originally designed with mobile and embedded systems in mind, it was adapted for use in desktop and server applications with the advent of Cool'n'Quiet and Optimized Power Management respectively. All three of these technologies aimed to complete the same goal for different segments of the market. PowerNow! as a feature was supported on AMD's server and desktop microprocessors and were not exclusive to embedded or mobile systems. It was retired and succeeded by AMD's SenseMI's Pure Power feature in 2017 with the introduction of the first generation Zen architecture.
The K6-III (codenamed Sharptooth) was an x86 microprocessor developed by AMD and first released on 22 February 1999. Based on the K6-2 architecture, it featured a 256 KB on-die L2 cache that improved performance over its predecessor and allowed the motherboard cache to function as an L3 cache in AMD's "TriLevel Cache" design. The K6-III was the last desktop processor officially released for Socket 7, although the later mobile K6-III+ and K6-2+ processors were widely used in desktop systems with official or unofficial BIOS updates. At its release, the K6-III competed with Intel's Pentium II and, shortly afterwards, the Pentium III. Its integer performance made the 450 MHz model one of the fastest x86 processors available at launch, although its inherited floating-point unit generally lagged behind Intel's processors in 3D games that were optimized for Intel architectures. Production of the K6-III ended after the introduction of AMD's Athlon, which superseded it in AMD's product line. Revised low-power K6-III+ and K6-2+ models, incorporating PowerNow! and Enhanced 3DNow! and manufactured on a 180 nm process, were designed for mobile computers but later became popular among desktop enthusiasts and overclockers.
AMD Cool'n'Quiet is a CPU dynamic frequency scaling and power saving technology introduced by AMD with its Athlon XP processor line. It works by reducing the processor's clock rate and voltage when the processor is idle. The aim of this technology is to reduce overall power consumption and lower heat generation, allowing for slower (thus quieter) cooling fan operation. The objectives of cooler and quieter result in the name Cool'n'Quiet. The technology is similar to Intel's SpeedStep and AMD's own PowerNow!, which were developed with the aim of increasing laptop battery life by reducing power consumption. Due to their different usage, Cool'n'Quiet refers to desktop and server chips, while PowerNow! is used for mobile chips; the technologies are similar but not identical. This technology was also introduced on "e-stepping" Opterons, however it is called Optimized Power Management, which is essentially a re-tooled Cool'n'Quiet scheme designed to work with registered memory. Cool'n'Quiet is fully supported in the Linux kernel from version 2.6.18 onward (using the powernow-k8 driver) and FreeBSD from 6.0-CURRENT onward. Since AMD Zen 2, Ryzen CPUs can support CPPC based processor power management, as well as Infinity Fabric and Core Complex level CPPC states.
Turbo Core, also known as Core Performance Boost (CPB) and Precision Boost (PB), is a dynamic frequency scaling technology developed by AMD, and implemented in their CPUs. CPB dynamically adjust a processor's clock rate and core voltage beyond its rated standard clock to increase performance, while keeping the processor's power consumption and heat output within limits. AMD Turbo Core technology has been implemented beginning with the Phenom II X6 microprocessors based on the AMD K10 microarchitecture. AMD Turbo Core is available with some AMD A-Series accelerated processing units. AMD Turbo Core is similar to Intel Turbo Boost, which is another dynamic processor frequency adjustment technology used to increase performance, as well as AMD PowerNow!, which is used to dynamically adjust laptop processor's operating frequencies in order to decrease power consumption (saving battery life), reduce heat, and lower noise. AMD PowerNow! is used to decrease processor frequency, whereas AMD Turbo Core is used to increase processor frequency.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Joe Louis.