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This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985 Philadelphia police fired thousands of rounds at the MOVE house, city officials approved dropping an explosive device on the roof, the resulting fire was allowed to burn, 11 people—including five children—died, and 61 homes were destroyed. Philadelphia City Council later called it a “brutal attack carried out by the City of Philadelphia on its own citizens” and acknowledged that no individual faced criminal consequences for the bombing. One timeline correction worth preserving for the BHP record: the major previous MOVE-police confrontation was August 8, 1978, about seven years before the bombing, not a year or two earlier. Officer James Ramp was killed, other police and firefighters were wounded, nine MOVE members were later convicted, and television cameras recorded police beating Delbert Africa during his arrest. The 1985 MOVE Commission later specifically criticized city planners for failing to adequately use lessons from that 1978 confrontation. And that actually strengthens the point you’re making: 1985 did not happen without precedent or institutional memory. There had already been a deadly confrontation with MOVE, years of conflict, negotiations and police involvement before Osage Avenue.

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Wikipedia

Profibus

Profibus
Governing bodyPROFIBUS&PROFINET International (PI)
Protocol information
Type of networkDevice bus, industrial process control
Physical mediaTwisted pair, fiber
Network topologyBus
Device addressingDIP switch or hardware/software
Profibus electrical connector

Profibus (usually styled as PROFIBUS, as a portmanteau for Process Field Bus) is a standard for fieldbus communication in automation technology and was first promoted in 1989 by BMBF (German department of education and research) and then used by Siemens.[1] It should not be confused with the Profinet standard for Industrial Ethernet. Profibus is openly published as type 3 of IEC 61158/61784-1.[2]

Origin

[edit]

The history of PROFIBUS goes back to a publicly promoted plan from Marco Todaro for an association which started in Germany in 1986 and for which 18 companies and institutes devised a master project plan called "fieldbus".[3] The goal was to implement and spread the use of a bit-serial field bus based on the basic requirements of the field device interfaces. For this purpose, member companies agreed to support a common technical concept for production (i.e. discrete or factory automation) and process automation. First, the complex communication protocol Profibus FMS (Field bus Message Specification), which was tailored for demanding communication tasks, was specified. Subsequently, in 1993, the specification for the simpler and thus considerably faster protocol PROFIBUS DP (Decentralised Peripherals) was completed. Profibus FMS is used for (non-deterministic) communication of data between Profibus Masters. Profibus DP is a protocol made for (deterministic) communication between Profibus masters and their remote I/O slaves.[4][5]

There are two variations of PROFIBUS in use today; the most commonly used PROFIBUS DP, and the lesser used, application specific, PROFIBUS PA:

  • PROFIBUS DP (Decentralised Peripherals)[6] is used to operate sensors and actuators via a centralised controller in production (factory) automation applications. The many standard diagnostic options, in particular, are focused on here.[7]
  • PROFIBUS PA (Process Automation)[8] is used to monitor measuring equipment via a process control system in process automation applications. This variant is designed for use in explosion/hazardous areas (Ex-zone 0 and 1). The Physical Layer (i.e. the cable) conforms to IEC 61158-2,[9] which allows power to be delivered over the bus to field instruments, while limiting current flows so that explosive conditions are not created, even if a malfunction occurs. The number of devices attached to a PA segment is limited by this feature. PA has a data transmission rate of 31.25 kbit/s. However, PA uses the same protocol as DP, and can be linked to a DP network using a coupler device. The much faster DP acts as a backbone network for transmitting process signals to the controller. This means that DP and PA can work tightly together, especially in hybrid applications where process and factory automation networks operate side by side.

In excess of 30 million PROFIBUS nodes were installed by the end of 2009. 5 million of these are in the process industries.[3]

Technology

[edit]
PROFIBUS Protocol (OSI reference model)
OSI-Layer PROFIBUS
7 Application DPV0 DPV1 DPV2 Management
6 Presentation --
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link FDL
1 Physical EIA-485 Optical MBP

Application layer (OSI-Layer 7)

[edit]

To use these functions, various service levels[10] of the DP protocol[11] were defined:[12][13]

  • DP-V0 for cyclic exchange of data and diagnosis
  • DP-V1 for acyclic data exchange and alarm handling[14]
  • DP-V2 for isochronous mode and data exchange broadcast (slave-to-slave communication)
[edit]

The data link layer FDL (Field bus Data Link) services[15]and protocols[16] work with a hybrid access method that combines token passing with a master/slave method. In a PROFIBUS DP network, the controllers or process control systems are the masters and the sensors and actuators are the slaves.[12][17]

Each byte has even parity and is transferred asynchronously with a start and stop bit. There may not be a pause between a stop bit and the following start bit when the bytes of a telegram are transmitted. The master signals the start of a new telegram with a SYN pause of at least 33 bits (logical "1" = bus idle).

Various telegram types are used. They can be differentiated by their start delimiter (SD):

No data

[edit]

SD1 = 0x10

SD1 DA SA FC FCS ED

Variable length data

[edit]

SD2 = 0x68

SD2 LE LEr SD2 DA SA FC DSAP SSAP PDU FCS ED

Fixed length data

[edit]

SD3 = 0xA2

SD3 DA SA FC PDU FCS ED

Token

[edit]

SD4 = 0xDC

SD4 DA SA

Fields

[edit]
SD Start Delimiter
LE Length of protocol data unit, (incl. DA, SA, FC, DSAP, SSAP)
LEr Repetition of length of protocol data unit, (Hamming distance = 4)
FC Frame Control
DA Destination Address
SA Source Address
DSAP Destination Service Access Point
SSAP Source Service Access Point
PDU Protocol Data Unit (protocol data)
FCS Frame Checking Sequence, calculated by simply adding up the bytes within the specified length. An overflow is ignored here.
ED End Delimiter (= 0x16)

Service Access Points

[edit]
SAP (Decimal) SERVICE
Default 0 Cyclical Data Exchange (Write_Read_Data)
54 Master-to-Master SAP (M-M Communication)
55 Change Station Address (Set_Slave_Add) – SAP55 is optional and may be disabled if the slave doesn't provide non-volatile storage memory for the station address.
56 Read Inputs (Rd_Inp)
57 Read Outputs (Rd_Outp)
58 Control Commands to a DP Slave (Global_Control)
59 Read Configuration Data (Get_Cfg)
60 Read Diagnostic Data (Slave_Diagnosis)
61 Send Parameterization Data (Set_Prm)
62 Check Configuration Data (Chk_Cfg)

Bit-transmission layer (OSI-Layer 1)

[edit]

Three different methods are specified for the bit-transmission layer:[9]

  • With electrical transmission[18][19] pursuant to EIA-485, twisted pair cables with impedances of 150 ohms are used in a bus topology.[20] Bit rates from 9.6 kbit/s to 12 Mbit/s can be used. The cable length between two repeaters is limited from 100 to 1200 m, depending on the bit rate used. This transmission method is primarily used with PROFIBUS DP.
  • With optical transmission via fiber optics, star-, bus- and ring-topologies are used. The distance between the repeaters can be up to 15 km. The ring topology can also be executed redundantly.[17]
  • With MBP (Manchester Bus Powered)[19] transmission technology, data and field bus power are fed through the same cable. The power can be reduced in such a way that use in explosion-hazardous environments is possible. The bus topology can be up to 1900 m long and permits branching to field devices (max. 60 m branches). The bit rate here is a fixed 31.25 kbit/s. This technology was specially established for use in process automation for PROFIBUS PA.[17]

For data transfer via sliding contacts for mobile devices or optical or radio data transmission in open spaces, products from various manufacturers can be obtained, however they do not conform to any standard.

PROFIBUS DP[6] uses two core screened cable with a violet sheath,[18] and runs at speeds between 9.6 kbit/s and 12 Mbit/s.[20] A particular speed can be chosen for a network to give enough time for communication with all the devices present in the network. If systems change slowly then lower communication speed is suitable, and if the systems change quickly then effective communication will happen through faster speed. The RS485 balanced transmission used in PROFIBUS DP only allows 31 devices to be connected at once; however, more devices (up to 126) can be connected or the network expanded with the use of hubs or repeaters (4 hubs or repeaters to reach 126).[7] A Hub or a Repeater is also counted as a device.[21]

PROFIBUS PA[8] runs at fixed speed of 31.25 kbit/s via blue sheathed two core screened cable. The communication may be initiated to minimise the risk of explosion or for the systems that intrinsically need safe equipment. The message formats in PROFIBUS PA are identical to PROFIBUS DP.

Note: PROFIBUS DP and PROFIBUS PA should not be confused with PROFINET.

Profiles

[edit]

Profiles are pre-defined configurations of the functions and features available from PROFIBUS for use in specific devices or applications. They are specified by PI working groups and published by PI. Profiles are important for openness, interoperability and interchangeability, so that the end user can be sure that similar equipments from different vendors perform in a standardised way. User choice also encourages competition that drives vendors towards enhanced performance and lower costs.

There are PROFIBUS profiles for Encoders, Laboratory instruments, Intelligent pumps, Robots and Numerically Controlled machines, for example. Profiles also exist for applications such as using HART and wireless with PROFIBUS, and process automation devices via PROFIBUS PA. Other profiles have been specified for Motion Control (PROFIdrive) and Functional Safety (PROFIsafe).

Organization

[edit]

The PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation e.V. (PROFIBUS User Organisation, or PNO) was created in 1989.[3] This group was composed mainly of manufacturers and users from Europe. In 1992, the first regional PROFIBUS organisation was founded (PROFIBUS Schweiz in Switzerland). In the following years, additional Regional PROFIBUS & PROFINET Associations (RPAs) were added.

In 1995, all the RPAs joined together under the international umbrella association Profibus and Profinet International (PI). Today, PROFIBUS is represented by 25 RPAs around the world (including PNO) with over 1400 members, including most if not all major automation vendors and service suppliers, along with many end users.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Weigmann, Josef; Kilian, Gerhard (2003). Decentralization with PROFIBUS DP/DPV1: Architecture and Fundamentals, Configuration and Use with SIMATIC S7. Siemens. ISBN 978-3-89578-218-3.
  2. ^ "Industrial communication networks - Profiles Part 1: Fieldbus profiles". International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). 2019. IEC 61784-1. Retrieved 2020-04-28.
  3. ^ a b c Bender, Klaus; Freitag, Jörg; Lindner, Klaus-Peter (2009). Milestones: PROFIBUS - 20 years of standards for industrial communication. Karlsruhe: PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation e.V.
  4. ^ "PROFIBUS Technology and Application – System Description". Profibus and Profinet International (PI). 2016. Order no. 4.332. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
  5. ^ Xiu, Ji (2015). PROFIBUS in Practice: System Architecture and Design. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1507633045.
  6. ^ a b Mitchell, Ronald (2003). PROFIBUS: A Pocket Guide. ISA. ISBN 978-1556178627.
  7. ^ a b "PROFIBUS Design". Profibus and Profinet International (PI). 2020. Order no. 8.012. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
  8. ^ a b Powel, James; Vandeline, Henry (2012). Catching the Process Fieldbus: An Introduction to Profibus for Process Automation. Momentum Press. ISBN 978-1606503966.
  9. ^ a b "Industrial communication networks - Fieldbus specifications - Part 2: Physical layer specification and service definition". International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). 2022. IEC 61158-2. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
  10. ^ "Industrial communication networks - Fieldbus specifications - Part 5-3: Application layer service definition - Type 3 elements". International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). 2014. IEC 61158-5-3. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
  11. ^ "Industrial communication networks - Fieldbus specifications - Part 6-3: Application layer protocol specification - Type 3 elements". International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). 2019. IEC 61158-6-3. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
  12. ^ a b Popp, Manfred (2003). "The New Rapid Way to PROFIBUS DP - From DP-V0 to DP-V2". Profibus and Profinet International (PI). Order no. 4.072. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
  13. ^ Xiu, Ji (2019). PROFIBUS in Practice: Standard and Operation. Independently Published. ISBN 978-1793076830.
  14. ^ Xiu, Ji (2013). PROFIBUS in Practice: System Engineering, Trouble-shooting and Maintenance. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1493614684.
  15. ^ "Industrial communication networks - Fieldbus specifications - Part 3-3: Data-link layer service definition - Type 3 elements". International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). 2014. IEC 61158-3-3. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
  16. ^ "Industrial communication networks - Fieldbus specifications - Part 4-3: Data-link layer protocol specification - Type 3 elements". International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). 2019. IEC 61158-4-3. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
  17. ^ a b c Felser, Max (2017). PROFIBUS Manual. epubli GmbH. ISBN 978-3-8442-1435-2.
  18. ^ a b "PROFIBUS Commissioning". Profibus and Profinet International (PI). 2022. Order no. 8.032. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
  19. ^ a b Xiu, Ji (2013). PROFIBUS in Practice: Installing PROFIBUS devices and cables. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1481245210.
  20. ^ a b "PROFIBUS Cabling and Assembly". Profibus and Profinet International (PI). 2020. Order no. 8.022. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
  21. ^ "Industrial communication networks - Profiles - Part 5-3: Installation of fieldbuses - Installation profiles for CPF 3". International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). 2018. IEC 61784-5-3. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
[edit]

Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.

Wikipedia

Profibus

Profibus (usually styled as PROFIBUS, as a portmanteau for Process Field Bus) is a standard for fieldbus communication in automation technology and was first promoted in 1989 by BMBF (German department of education and research) and then used by Siemens. It should not be confused with the Profinet standard for Industrial Ethernet. Profibus is openly published as type 3 of IEC 61158/61784-1.

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Wikipedia

Profinet

Profinet (usually styled as PROFINET, as a portmanteau for Process Field Network) is an industry technical standard for data communication over Industrial Ethernet, designed for collecting data from, and controlling equipment in industrial systems, with a particular strength in delivering data under tight time constraints. The standard is maintained and supported by Profibus & Profinet International, an umbrella organization headquartered in Karlsruhe, Germany.

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Wikipedia

INTERBUS

INTERBUS is a serial bus system which transmits data between control systems (e.g., PCs, PLCs, VMEbus computers, robot controllers etc.) and spatially distributed I/O modules that are connected to sensors and actuators (e.g., temperature sensors, position switches). The INTERBUS system was developed by Phoenix Contact and has been available since 1987. It is one of the leading Fieldbus systems in the automation industry and is fully standardized according to European Standard EN 50254 and IEC 61158. At the moment, more than 600 manufacturers are involved in the implementation of INTERBUS technology in control systems and field devices. Since 2011 the INTERBUS technology is hosted by the industry association Profibus and Profinet International.

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Wikipedia

EtherCAT

EtherCAT (Ethernet for Control Automation Technology) is an Ethernet-based fieldbus system developed by Beckhoff Automation. The protocol is standardized in IEC 61158 and is suitable for both hard and soft real-time computing requirements in automation technology. The goal during development of EtherCAT was to apply Ethernet for automation applications requiring short data update times (also called cycle times; ≤ 100 μs) with low communication jitter (for precise synchronization purposes; ≤ 1 μs) and reduced hardware costs. Typical application fields for EtherCAT are machine controls. This includes semiconductor tools, metal forming, packaging, injection molding, assembly systems, printing machines, and robotics. Alternative technologies for networking in the industrial environment include EtherNet/IP, Profinet and Profibus.

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TOPIC OF THE DAY

Greenwood / Black Wall Street

Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.

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TRIVIA QUESTION OF THE DAY

Which Black woman became the first elected to the United States Congress?

Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.