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The MOVE Fire

This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985 Philadelphia police fired thousands of rounds at the MOVE house, city officials approved dropping an explosive device on the roof, the resulting fire was allowed to burn, 11 people—including five children—died, and 61 homes were destroyed. Philadelphia City Council later called it a “brutal attack carried out by the City of Philadelphia on its own citizens” and acknowledged that no individual faced criminal consequences for the bombing. One timeline correction worth preserving for the BHP record: the major previous MOVE-police confrontation was August 8, 1978, about seven years before the bombing, not a year or two earlier. Officer James Ramp was killed, other police and firefighters were wounded, nine MOVE members were later convicted, and television cameras recorded police beating Delbert Africa during his arrest. The 1985 MOVE Commission later specifically criticized city planners for failing to adequately use lessons from that 1978 confrontation. And that actually strengthens the point you’re making: 1985 did not happen without precedent or institutional memory. There had already been a deadly confrontation with MOVE, years of conflict, negotiations and police involvement before Osage Avenue.

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BLACK FACTS
The Truths They Never Taught You...

Ruler of the Mali Empire in the 14th century

Mansa Musa was the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa. Details recorded here should be sourced; unknown information is left blank.

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Wikipedia

Puinave language

Puinavé
Wãnsöhöt, Wã́nsöjöt
Pronunciation[ˈw̃ã́nsɤhɤt]
Native toColombia, Venezuela
Ethnicity7,000 (ca. 2007)[1]
Native speakers
(3,000 cited 2001–2008)[1]
Dialects
  • Puinave
  • "Macú"
Language codes
ISO 639-3pui
Glottologpuin1248
ELPPuinave
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Puinave, also known as Waipunavi (Guaipunabi) or Wanse (Wã́nsöjöt [ˈw̃ã́nsɤhɤt];[2] Puinave: Wãnsöhöt) is an indigenous language of Colombia and Venezuela. It is generally considered to be a language isolate.

Demographics

[edit]

There are about 6,800 people in 32 communities along the banks of the Inírida River in Guainía Department, Colombia. Additionally, there are 470 people in 10 communities along the Orinoco River, in the Colombia–Venezuela border region.[2]: 1143 

Other names for the language include Camaku del Guaviare or Camaku del Inírida.[2]: 1143 

Varieties

[edit]

Varieties listed by Mason (1950):[3]

  • Puinave
    • Puinave (Epined)
      • Western: Bravos, Guaripa
      • Eastern: Mansos
    • "Macú"
      • "Macú"
      • Tikié
      • Kerarí
      • Papurí
      • Nadöbo

Alternate names of Puinave are Puinabe, Puinavis, Uaipunabis, Guaipunavos, Uaipis.[3]

Classification

[edit]

Puinave is sometimes linked to other poorly attested languages of the region in various Macro-Puinavean proposals, but no good evidence has ever been produced. The original motivation seems to simply be that all of these languages were called Maku ('babble') by Arawakans.[4] Ongoing work on Puinave by Girón Higuita at the University of Amsterdam will hopefully clarify the situation.

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

[edit]
Labial Coronal Dorsal Glottal
Plosive Oral p t k ʔ
Nasal m n
Fricative s h
Glide (w) (j)

Vowels

[edit]
Front Back
unround. 		Back
round.
Close i ĩ ɯ u
Mid e ɤ ɤ̃ o õ
Open a ã

Syllable structure is (C)V(C); nasal syllabic nuclei cause allophonic variation of consonantal segments in the same syllable. The phonemes /m n/ have oral, non-sonorant allophones [b d] in the onsets of syllables with oral nuclei.

The high vowel [u], when occurring in onset or coda position, is realized as a glide [w]. When the high vowel /i/ is in coda position, it is also realized as a glide [j], but in onset position, it is realized as a palatal stop matching in nasality with the nucleus, either [ɟ] or [ɲ], in the same way that /m n/ match the following vowel's nasality. Any glides [w] occurring before or [j w] occurring after a nasalized nucleus are also realized as nasal [j̃ w̃].

Tone

[edit]

Puinave distinguishes four surface (phonetic) tones: two simple (H and L) and two contour (HL and LH); these are analyzed as being composed of two phonemic tone values, H and L. Girón Higuita and Wetzels (2007) note that speakers seem to associate H with prominence, rather than increased duration or intensity (the typical correlates of prominence in languages like English).

Morphology and syntax

[edit]

Jesús Mario Girón's description of the morphology and the function of nominalized constructions in this language can be found in The Linguistics of Endangered Languages (edited by Leo Wetzels).

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Bautista Sánchez, E. (2008). Diccionario puinave-español y la oración gramatical. CIRCUI, Centro de Investigaciones de rescate cultural Puinave Autóctonas.
  • Girón, J. M. (2008). Una gramática del Wã́nsöjöt (Puinave). Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit. (Doctoral dissertation).
  • Girón Higuita, J.M. and W. Leo Wetzels (2007). Tone in Wãnsöhöt (Puinave). Language Endangerment and Endangered Languages: Linguistic and Anthropological Studies with Special Emphasis on the Languages and Cultures of the Andean-Amazonian Border Area, W. Leo Wetzels ed., CNWS Publications.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Puinavé at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ a b c Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev, eds. (2023). Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-043273-2.
  3. ^ a b Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
  4. ^ Patience Epps, 2008. A Grammar of Hup. Mouton de Gruyter.
[edit]
Wiktionary logo
Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix:Puinave word list

Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.

Wikipedia

Puinave language

Puinave, also known as Waipunavi (Guaipunabi) or Wanse (Wã́nsöjöt [ˈw̃ã́nsɤhɤt]; Puinave: Wãnsöhöt) is an indigenous language of Colombia and Venezuela. It is generally considered to be a language isolate.

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Wikipedia

Nukak language

The Nukak language, or pejoratively Nukak Makú, is the language of the Nukak people. Other than being very closely related to Kakwa, it is of uncertain classification, perhaps part of the Puinave-Maku family.

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Wikipedia

Puinave–Makú languages

Puinave–Makú is a proposed language family linking the Puinave and Nukak-Kakwa languages to the Nadahup family. Paul Rivet (1920) and other researchers proposed decades ago the hypothesis of a Puinave-Makú family. Later, Joseph Greenberg (1987) grouped the Puinave-Makú languages, together with the Tucano family, the Katukinan, Waorani and Ticuna languages in the Macro-Tukano trunk. Puinave-Maku and the language isolate Máku (of Auari) are sometimes connected to the Arutani–Sape languages (yet again also known as Maku) in a Kalianan branch, a connection which Kaufman (1990) finds "promising", but there is too little data on these languages to know for sure. Hodï has been proposed specifically as a sister of Puinave–Maku as well. Kaufman (1994: 60, 2007: 67–68) also adds Katukinan to the family.

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Wikipedia

Guainía Department

Guainía (Spanish pronunciation: [ɡwajˈni.a]; Yuri language: "Land of many waters") is a department of Eastern Colombia. It is in the east of the country, bordering Venezuela and Brazil. Its capital is Inírida. In 1963 Guainía was split off from Vaupés department. The northern part and the Inírida River are included in the Orinoco basin; the rest is part of the Amazon basin. The Guaviare River is the main area of colonization; many colonos come from the Colombian Andean zone, most of them from Boyacá. They are followed by the llaneros, people from the Eastern plains (Llanos). The population is mainly composed of Amerindians, and the largest ethnic groups are the Puinaves (from the makú-puinave family) and the Curripacos (from the Arawak family). There are a total of 24 ethnic groups in the department; many of them speak four Indigenous languages besides Spanish and Portuguese.

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TOPIC OF THE DAY

Greenwood / Black Wall Street

Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.

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TRIVIA QUESTION OF THE DAY

Who became the first Black woman to travel into space?

Mae Jemison, aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992.