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This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
 | This article needs to be updated. (January 2025) |
| Puyuma | |
|---|---|
| Pinuyumayan | |
| Native to | Taiwan |
| Ethnicity | Puyuma people |
Native speakers | 8,500 (2002)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Latin (Puyuma alphabet) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | pyu |
| Glottolog | puyu1239 |
| ELP | Puyuma |
| Linguasphere | 30-JAA-a |
 (red) Puyuma | |
 Puyuma is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
The Puyuma language or Pinuyumayan (Chinese: 卑南語; pinyin: Bēinányǔ), is the language of the Puyuma, an indigenous people of Taiwan. It is a language of the Austronesian family.[2] Most speakers are older adults.
Puyuma is one of the more divergent of the Austronesian languages and falls outside reconstructions of Proto-Austronesian.
The internal classification of Puyuma dialects below is from Ting (1978). Nanwang Puyuma is considered to be the relatively phonologically conservative but grammatically innovative, as in it preserves proto-Puyuma voiced plosives but syncretizes the use of both oblique and genitive case.[3]
Puyuma-speaking villages are:[4]
Puyuma has 18 consonants and 4 vowels:
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ ⟨ng⟩ | ||||
| Plosive | Voiceless | p | t | ʈ ⟨tr⟩ | k | ʔ ⟨ʼ⟩ | |
| Voiced | b | d | ɖ ⟨dr⟩ | ɡ | |||
| Fricative | s | ||||||
| Trill | r | ||||||
| Approximant | l ⟨lr⟩ | ɭ ⟨l⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | w | |||
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | ə ⟨e⟩ | ||
| Open | a |
Note that Teng uses ⟨lr⟩ for /ɭ/ and ⟨l⟩ for /l/, swapping their values in the official orthography. The official orthography is used in this article.
Puyuma verbs have four types of focus:[6]
There are three verbal aspects:[6]
There are two modes:[6]
Affixes include:[6]
| Active | Patient | Locative | Causative | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Realis | Unmarked | tremakaw | trakawaw | trakaway | trakawanay |
| Progressive | trematrakaw | tratrakawaw | tratrakaway | tratrakawanay | |
| Durative | trematratrakaw | tratratrakawaw | tratratrakaway | tratratrakawanay | |
| Irrealis | tratrakaw | tratrakawi | tratrakawan | ||
| Imperative | trakaw | trakawi | trakawu | trakawan | |
| Hortative | tremakawa | — | |||
Puyuma has a verb-initial word order.
Articles include:[8]
The Puyuma personal pronouns are:[9]
| Type of Pronoun |
Nominative[10] | Oblique: Direct |
Oblique: Indirect |
Oblique: Non-Subject |
Neutral |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1s. | nanku | kanku, kananku | draku, drananku | kanku | kuiku |
| 2s. | nanu | kanu, kananu | dranu, drananu | kanu | yuyu |
| 3s. | nantu | kantu, kanantu | dratu, dranantu | kantaw | taytaw |
| 1p. (incl.) | nanta | kanta, kananta | drata, drananta | kanta | taita |
| 1p. (excl.) | naniam | kaniam, kananiam | draniam, drananiam | kaniam | mimi |
| 2p. | nanemu | kanemu, kananemu | dranemu, drananemu | kanemu | muimu |
| 3p. | nantu | kantu, kanantu | dratu, dranantu | kantaw | – |
| Type of Pronoun |
Nominative (Subject) |
Nominative (Possessor of subject) |
Genitive |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1s. | =ku | ku= | ku= |
| 2s. | =yu | nu= | nu= |
| 3s. | – | tu= | tu= |
| 1p. (incl.) | =ta | ta= | ta= |
| 1p. (excl.) | =mi | niam= | mi= |
| 2p. | =mu | mu= | mu= |
| 3p. | – | tu= | tu= |
The Puyuma affixes are:[11]
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
The Puyuma language or Pinuyumayan (Chinese: 卑南語; pinyin: Bēinányǔ), is the language of the Puyuma, an indigenous people of Taiwan. It is a language of the Austronesian family. Most speakers are older adults. Puyuma is one of the more divergent of the Austronesian languages and falls outside reconstructions of Proto-Austronesian.
The Puyuma (Chinese: 卑南族; pinyin: Bēinánzú; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Piu-má cho̍k, Pi-lâm cho̍k), also known as the Pinuyumayan, Peinan or Beinan, are one group of Taiwanese Indigenous peoples. The people are generally divided into the Chihpen and Nanwang groups, both resident in Taitung County on the east coast of Taiwan. In the year 2000, the Puyuma numbered 9,606. This was approximately 2.4% of Taiwan's total indigenous population, making them the sixth-largest indigenous group. The Puyuma speak the Puyuma language, as well as Mandarin and Taiwanese Hokkien. The name "Puyuma" means "unity" or "concord" and was originally the autonym of the speakers of the Nanwang dialect. Zeitoun and Cauquelin (2006) also note that the word Puyuma can be analyzed as pu'-uma, which means "to send to the field".
Puyuma (also Pinuyumayan) may refer to: the Puyuma people, tribe, are one of the tribal groups of the Taiwanese aborigines. The tribe is generally divided into the Chihpen and Nanwang groups, both resident in Taitung County on the east coast of Taiwan the Puyuma language, the language of the Puyuma people, a tribe of indigenous people on Taiwan (see Taiwanese aborigines). It is a Formosan language of the Austronesian family. Most speakers are older adults the Puyuma Express, the express train operated by Taiwan Railway
Chen Ying (Chinese: 陳瑩; pinyin: Chen Ying; Wade–Giles: Chen2 Ying2; born 15 November 1972), also known as Asenay Daliyalrep in the Puyuma language, is a Taiwanese politician and musician who is currently serving as a member of the Legislative Yuan. A member of the Democratic Progressive Party, Chen served previous terms in the Legislative Yuan, from 2005 to 2012. Chen is a Puyuma Taiwanese and currently represents the Lowland Aborigine Constituency.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.
