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Katherine Johnson’s mathematical calculations helped guide some of America’s most important early space missions while she confronted the racial and gender barriers faced by Black women in twentieth-century America.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
The RTS Index (RTSI; Russian: Индекс РТС) is a free-float capitalization-weighted index of 50 Russian stocks traded on the Moscow Exchange, calculated in US dollars. The index was introduced on September 1, 1995, with the formation of the Russian Trading System (RTS) stock exchange, which later merged with Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange (MICEX) to form the Moscow Exchange.
The RTS Index was introduced with a base value of 100.[1] It is calculated in a real-time mode. The list of stocks is reviewed every three months. The RTSI peaked on 19 May 2008 at 2,498.10 points, and fell to 492.59 on 23 January 2009.
In addition to the RTS Index, Moscow Exchange also computes and publishes the RTS Standard Index (RTSSTD), RTS-2 Index, RTS Siberia Index and seven sectoral indices (Telecommunication, Financial, Metals & Mining, Oil & Gas, Industrial, Consumer & Retail, and Electric Utilities). The RTS Standard and RTS-2 are compiled similarly to the RTS Index, from a list of top 15 large-cap stocks and 50+ second-tier stocks, respectively.
The following table shows the annual development of the RTS Index since 1995.[2][3]
| Year | Closing level | Change in Index in points |
Change in Index in % |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1995 | 82.92 | ||
| 1996 | 200.50 | 117.58 | 141.80 |
| 1997 | 396.86 | 196.36 | 97.94 |
| 1998 | 58.93 | −337.93 | −85.15 |
| 1999 | 175.26 | 116.33 | 197.40 |
| 2000 | 143.29 | −31.97 | −18.24 |
| 2001 | 260.05 | 116.76 | 81.49 |
| 2002 | 359.07 | 99.02 | 38.08 |
| 2003 | 567.25 | 208.18 | 57.98 |
| 2004 | 614.11 | 46.86 | 8.26 |
| 2005 | 1,125.60 | 511.49 | 83.29 |
| 2006 | 1,921.92 | 796.32 | 70.75 |
| 2007 | 2,290.51 | 368.59 | 19.18 |
| 2008 | 631.89 | −1,658.62 | −72.41 |
| 2009 | 1,444.61 | 812.72 | 128.62 |
| 2010 | 1.770.26 | 325.65 | 22.54 |
| 2011 | 1,380.49 | −389.77 | −22.02 |
| 2012 | 1,530.41 | 149.92 | 10.61 |
| 2013 | 1,442.73 | −87.68 | −5.73 |
| 2014 | 790.71 | −652.02 | −45.19 |
| 2015 | 757.04 | −33.67 | −4.26 |
| 2016 | 1,152.33 | 395.29 | 52.22 |
| 2017 | 1,154.43 | 2.10 | 0.18 |
| 2018 | 1,066.13 | −88.30 | −7.65 |
| 2019 | 1,548.92 | 482.79 | 45.82 |
| 2020 | 1,387.46 | −161.46 | −10.42 |
| 2021 | 1,595.76 | 208.30 | 15.01 |
| 2022 | 970.60 | −625.16 | −39.18 |
| 2023 | 1,083.47 | 112.87 | 11.63 |
From September 22, 2017 the composition of the RTS Index is the following:[4]
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The RTS Index (RTSI; Russian: Индекс РТС) is a free-float capitalization-weighted index of 50 Russian stocks traded on the Moscow Exchange, calculated in US dollars. The index was introduced on September 1, 1995, with the formation of the Russian Trading System (RTS) stock exchange, which later merged with Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange (MICEX) to form the Moscow Exchange. The RTS Index was introduced with a base value of 100. It is calculated in a real-time mode. The list of stocks is reviewed every three months. The RTSI peaked on 19 May 2008 at 2,498.10 points, and fell to 492.59 on 23 January 2009. In addition to the RTS Index, Moscow Exchange also computes and publishes the RTS Standard Index (RTSSTD), RTS-2 Index, RTS Siberia Index and seven sectoral indices (Telecommunication, Financial, Metals & Mining, Oil & Gas, Industrial, Consumer & Retail, and Electric Utilities). The RTS Standard and RTS-2 are compiled similarly to the RTS Index, from a list of top 15 large-cap stocks and 50+ second-tier stocks, respectively.
The MOEX Russia Index (Russian: Индекс МосБиржи), formerly the MICEX Index, is the main ruble-denominated benchmark of the Russian stock market. It was established by the Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange (MICEX) on 22 September 1997. MICEX merged with the Russian Trading System to form Moscow Exchange (MOEX) in 2011 and the index was renamed to MOEX Russia Index on 27 November 2017. It has the same composition as the RTS Index, which is denominated in U.S. dollars. The MOEX Russia Index is traditionally favored by domestic investors, while foreign investors prefer the RTS Index. The number of component stocks is variable, and depends on liquidity and trading frequency.
OJSC Nizhniy Tagil Iron and Steel Works (Russian: ОАО «Нижнетагильский металлургический комбинат», Nizhnetagilsky Metallurgichecky Kombinat) is a Russian steel manufacturer. It is part of the Evraz Group. Its name is abbreviated as NTMK (Russian: НТМК) or Nikom and NTMK is listed in RTS Index.
The financial crisis in Russia in 2014–2016 resulted from the drop in oil prices and, to a lesser extent, sanctions. It began with a devaluation of the Russian rouble in the second half of 2014, which led to high inflation at the end of the year. The Russian Central Bank adjusted its monetary policy and successfully stabilized the economic situation. As a result, Russian GDP contracted 3.7% in 2015. The crisis stemmed from at least two major causes. The first was the fall in oil prices in 2014. Crude oil, a major Russian export, fell nearly 50% between its yearly high in June 2014 and 16 December 2014. The second is the result of international economic sanctions imposed on Russia following Russia's annexation of Crimea, the war in Donbas and the broader Russo-Ukrainian War. Capital outflows of $154B and balance-of-payments shocks put additional pressure on the currency, which led to a rise in inflation at the end of the year. In response, the Central Bank accelerated the move to a floating exchange rate, sharply increased interest rates from 8% in August to 17% in December and spent $107.5B of Russian foreign reserves in 2014 alone to stabilize the economy, which was ultimately successful. The crisis affected the Russian economy, consumers and companies, regional financial markets, and Putin's ambition for the Eurasian Economic Union. The Russian stock market fell sharply, with the RTS Index dropping 30% from the beginning of December through 16 December 2014. During the financial crisis, the economy shifted toward state ownership, with 60% of productive assets in the hands of the government. By 2016, the Russian economy rebounded with 0.3% GDP growth and officially exited the recession. In January 2017, Russia had foreign currency reserves of around $391 billion, an inflation rate of 5.0% and interest rate of 10.0%. Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the country faced another financial crisis.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.
