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Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
In the software development process, a reference implementation (or, less frequently, sample implementation or model implementation) is a program that implements all requirements from a corresponding specification. The reference implementation often accompanies a technical standard, and demonstrates what should or what must[a] be considered the "correct" behavior of any other implementation of it.
Reference implementations of algorithms, for instance cryptographic algorithms, are often the result or the input of standardization processes. In this function they are often dedicated to the public domain with their source code as public domain software. Examples are the first CERN's httpd,[1] Serpent cipher, base64 variants,[2] and SHA-3.[3] The Openwall Project maintains a list of several algorithms with their reference source code in the public domain.[4]
A reference implementation may or may not be production quality. For example, the Fraunhofer reference implementation of the MP3 standard usually does not compare favorably to other common implementations, such as LAME, in listening tests that determine sound quality.[5] In contrast, CPython, the reference implementation of the Python programming language,[6] is also the implementation most widely used in production.
Testing the implementation-vs-specification relationship further enhances the production's inter-process efficiencies:
A reference implementation is, in general, an implementation of a specification to be used as a definitive interpretation for that specification. During the development of the ... conformance test suite, at least one relatively trusted implementation of each interface is necessary to (1) discover errors or ambiguities in the specification, and (2) validate the correct functioning of the test suite.[7]
Characteristics of a Reference Implementation:
- Developed concurrently with the specification and test suite;
- Verifies that specification is implementable;
- Enables the test suite to be tested;
- Serves as a Gold Standard against which other implementations can be measured;
- Helps to clarify the intent of the specification in situations where conformance tests are inadequate[8]
The Keccak sponge function, designed by: Bertoni, Guido; Daemen, Joan; Peeters, Michaël; Van Assche, Gilles. For more information, feedback or questions, please refer to our website: keccak.noekeon.org/ / Implementation by the designers, hereby denoted as "the implementer". / To the extent possible under law, the implementer has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to the source code in this file. creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
For a number of years now, the distinction between Python-the-language and CPython (the reference implementation) has been growing. Most of this change is due to the emergence of Jython, IronPython, and PyPy as viable alternate implementations of Python.
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
In the software development process, a reference implementation (or, less frequently, sample implementation or model implementation) is a program that implements all requirements from a corresponding specification. The reference implementation often accompanies a technical standard, and demonstrates what should or what must be considered the "correct" behavior of any other implementation of it.
The Software Communications Architecture Reference Implementation (SCARI) is an implementation of the US Military's Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) Software Communications Architecture (SCA) Core Framework. It was developed mainly by the Canadian Communications Research Centre (CRC) under contract by the Software Defined Radio Forum (now Wireless Innovation Forum). The code is openly available, as well as the full documentation, which is extensively cross-referenced with the original SCA specification documents.
Ogg ( OG) is a digital multimedia container file format designed to provide for efficient streaming and manipulation of digital multimedia. It is maintained by the Xiph.Org Foundation and is free and open, unrestricted by software patents. Its name is derived from "ogging," jargon from the computer game Netrek, alluding to the high processing cost of early versions of the software. The Ogg container format can multiplex a number of independent streams for audio, video, text (such as subtitles), and metadata. In the Ogg multimedia framework, Theora provides a lossy video layer. The audio layer is most commonly provided by the music-oriented Vorbis format or its successor Opus. Lossless audio compression formats include FLAC, and OggPCM. Until 2007, the .ogg filename extension was used for all files whose content used the Ogg container format. Since then, the Xiph.Org Foundation recommends that .ogg only be used for Ogg Vorbis audio files. Xiph.Org decided to create a new set of file extensions and media types to describe different types of content such as .oga for audio only files, .ogv for video with or without sound (including Theora), and .ogx for multiplexed Ogg. Ogg's various codecs have been incorporated into a number of different free and proprietary media players, both commercial and non-commercial, as well as portable media players and GPS receivers from different manufacturers. As of November 7, 2017, the current version of the Xiph.Org Foundation's reference implementation is libogg 1.3.3. Another version, libogg2, has been in development, but is awaiting a rewrite as of 2018. Both software libraries are free software, released under the New BSD License. Ogg reference implementation was separated from Vorbis on September 2, 2000.
FLAC (; Free Lossless Audio Codec) is an audio coding format for lossless compression of digital audio, developed by the Xiph.Org Foundation, and is also the name of the free software project producing the FLAC tools, the reference software package that includes a codec implementation. Digital audio compressed by FLAC's algorithm can typically be reduced to between 50 and 70 percent of its original size and decompresses to an identical copy of the original audio data. FLAC is an open format with royalty-free licensing and a reference implementation which is free software. FLAC supports metadata tagging, album cover art, and fast seeking.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.