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Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
Green beans are young, unripe fruits of various cultivars of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).[1][2] Green beans are known by several common names, including French beans,[3] string beans (although most modern varieties are "stringless"),[3] and snap beans[3] or simply "snaps".[4][5]
Immature or young pods of the runner bean (P. coccineus), yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis), and hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus) are used in a similar way.[6] Green beans are distinguished from the many other bean varieties in that they are harvested and consumed with their enclosing pods before the bean seeds inside have fully matured. An analogous practice is the harvest and consumption of unripened pea pods, as is done with snow peas or sugar snap peas.
As common food in many countries, green beans are sold fresh, canned, and frozen. They can be eaten steamed, boiled, stir-fried, or baked. They are commonly cooked in other dishes, such as soups, stews, and casseroles. Green beans can be pickled, similarly to cucumbers.
They should not be eaten raw as they contain phytohaemagglutinin, a lectin toxic to humans that is destroyed by high temperatures. Symptoms of poisoning typically appear two to three hours after consumption and can include abdominal pain, nausea, bloody diarrhea, fever and low blood pressure.[7][8]
A dish with green beans common throughout the northern US, particularly at Thanksgiving, is green bean casserole, a dish of green beans, cream of mushroom soup, and French-fried onions.[9]
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy | 131 kJ (31 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6.97 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dietary fiber | 2.7 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0.22 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1.83 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other constituents | Quantity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Water | 90 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[10] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[11] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Raw green beans are 90% water, 7% carbohydrates, 2% protein, and contain negligible fat. In a 100-gram (3+1⁄2-ounce) reference amount, raw green beans supply 131 kilojoules (31 kilocalories) of food energy and are a moderate source (range 10–19% of the Daily Value) of vitamin C and vitamin K, with no other micronutrients in significant content.
The green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) originated in Central and South America, where there is evidence that it has been cultivated in Mexico and Peru for thousands of years.[12]
The first "stringless" bean was bred in 1894 by Calvin Keeney, called the "father of the stringless bean," while working in Le Roy, New York.[13] Most modern green bean varieties do not have strings.[6]
Green beans are classified by growth habit into two major groups, "bush" (or "dwarf") beans and "pole" (or "climbing") beans.[14][15][16]
Bush beans are short plants, growing to not more than 2 feet (61 cm) in height, often without requiring supports. They generally reach maturity and produce all of their fruit in a relatively short period, then cease to produce. Owing to this concentrated production and ease of mechanized harvesting, bush-type beans are those most often grown on commercial farms. Bush green beans are usually cultivars of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).
Pole beans have a climbing habit and produce a twisting vine, which must be supported by "poles," trellises, or other means. Pole beans may be common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), runner beans (Phaseolus coccineus) or yardlong beans (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis).[17][18]
Half-runner beans have both bush and pole characteristics, and are sometimes classified separately from bush and pole varieties.[19][20][21][22] Their runners can be about one to three metres (3–10 feet) long.[23][irrelevant citation]
Over 130 varieties (cultivars) of edible pod beans are known.[24] Varieties specialized for use as green beans, selected for the succulence and flavor of their green pods, are the ones usually grown in the home vegetable garden, and many varieties exist. Beans with various pod colors (green, purple, red, or streaked.[25]) are collectively known as snap beans, while green beans are exclusively green. Pod shapes range from thin and circular ("fillet" types) to wide and flat ("romano" types) and more common types in between.
The three most commonly known types of green beans belonging to the species Phaseolus vulgaris are string or snap beans, which may be round or have a flat pod; stringless or French beans, which lack a tough, fibrous string running along the length of the pod; and runner beans, which belong to a separate species, Phaseolus coccineus. Green beans may have a purple rather than green pod, which changes to green when cooked.[26][page needed] Yellow-podded green beans are also known as wax beans.[6] Wax bean cultivars are commonly of the bush or dwarf form.[27][page needed]
All of the following varieties have green pods and are Phaseolus vulgaris unless otherwise specified:
 China |
18.6 |
 India |
2.9 |
 Indonesia |
0.9 |
 Turkey |
0.5 |
 Morocco |
0.2 |
| World | 25.9 |
| Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[33] | |
In 2024, world production of green beans was 26 million tonnes, with China accounting for 72% of the total, and India as the next largest producer (table).
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
Media related to Green beans at Wikimedia Commons| National | |
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| Other | |
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Green beans are young, unripe fruits of various cultivars of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Green beans are known by several common names, including French beans, string beans (although most modern varieties are "stringless"), and snap beans or simply "snaps". Immature or young pods of the runner bean (P. coccineus), yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis), and hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus) are used in a similar way. Green beans are distinguished from the many other bean varieties in that they are harvested and consumed with their enclosing pods before the bean seeds inside have fully matured. An analogous practice is the harvest and consumption of unripened pea pods, as is done with snow peas or sugar snap peas.
Flat beans, also known as helda beans, romano beans (not to be confused with the borlotti bean) and "sem fhali" in some Indian states, are a variety of Phaseolus vulgaris, known as runner bean (not to be confused with Phaseolus coccineus) with edible pods that have a characteristic wide and flat shape. Flat beans are normally cooked, and served as the whole pods, the same way as other green beans. Like many other types of bean (see broad bean for example) they can also be dehusked or shelled, and the whitish seeds dried and stored, but there is no incentive to grow them for this purpose as higher-yielding bean varieties are available. Modern flat bean varieties picked while young are stringless. Older varieties, and beans allowed to ripen on the vine, may contain tough strings.
Phaseolus (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically important legume genera. Five of the species have been domesticated since pre-Columbian times for their beans: P. acutifolius (tepary bean), P. coccineus (runner bean), P. dumosus (year bean), P. lunatus (lima bean), and P. vulgaris (common bean). Most prominent among these is the common bean, P. vulgaris, which today is cultivated worldwide in tropical, semitropical, and temperate climates.
Phaseolus coccineus, known as runner bean, scarlet runner bean, or multiflora bean, is a plant in the legume family, Fabaceae. Another common name is butter bean, which can also refer to the lima bean, a different species. It is grown both as a food plant and an ornamental plant.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.
