Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
In 1968 Shirley Chisholm became the first Black woman elected to the United States Congress. In 1972 she launched a campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination, breaking another political barrier.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
Runtime, run-time, or run time may refer to:
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Runtime, run-time, or run time may refer to: Runtime (program lifecycle phase), the period during which a computer program is executing Runtime library, a program library designed to implement functions built into a programming language Runtime system, software designed to support the execution of computer programs Software execution, the process of performing instructions one by one during the runtime phase
A program lifecycle phase is a distinct period of time that is relevant to the operation of a computer program as it transitions from development to execution. Any distinct period in a program's life cycle in which the operational state of the program changes can be identified as a time. For example, compile time is when a program is compiled and link time is when a program is linked. Also, phases can often be divided into component phases. For example, build time might be divided into compile and link times, compile time into parse and code-generation times, and run time into initialization and normal-operation times. A program tends to transition through phases in sequences, but often not from first to last and sometimes some are skipped. For example, when programming, a developer may repeatedly edit, build, and run a program without distributing or installing it. After programming is complete, then it may be distributed to and installed by a user. Even though the term program lifecycle phase is less than notable, the times (phases) are well-known, commonly-used and notable. The collective term is used for this article for lack of a better term.
In computer programming, a runtime system or just runtime is a sub-system that exists in the computer where a program is created, as well as in the computers where the program is intended to be run. The name comes from the compile time and runtime division from compiled languages, which similarly distinguishes the computer processes involved in the creation of a program (compilation) and its execution in the target machine (the runtime). A runtime environment (RTE) is the context in which a runtime operates. Most programming languages have some form of runtime system that provides an environment in which programs run. This environment may address a number of issues including the management of application memory, how the program accesses variables, mechanisms for passing parameters between procedures, interfacing with the operating system (OS), among others. The compiler makes assumptions depending on the specific runtime system to generate correct code. Typically the runtime system will have some responsibility for setting up and managing the stack and heap, and may include features such as garbage collection, threads or other dynamic features built into the language.
In computing, booting is the process of starting a computer as initiated via hardware such as a physical button on the computer or by a software command. After it is switched on, a computer's central processing unit (CPU) has no software in its main memory, so some process must load software into memory before it can be executed. This may be done by hardware or firmware in the CPU, or by a separate processor in the computer system. On some systems, a power-on reset (POR) does not initiate booting, and the operator must initiate booting after POR completes. IBM uses the term Initial Program Load (IPL) on some product lines. Restarting a computer is also called rebooting, which can be hard, e.g., after electrical power to the CPU is switched from off to on, or soft, where the power is not cut. On some systems, a soft boot may optionally clear RAM to zero. Both hard and soft booting can be initiated by hardware, such as a button press, or by a software command. Booting is complete when the operative runtime system, typically the operating system and some applications, is attained. The process of returning a computer from a state of sleep (suspension) does not involve booting; however, restoring it from a state of hibernation does. Minimally, some embedded systems do not require a noticeable boot sequence to begin functioning, and when turned on, may simply run operational programs that are stored in read-only memory (ROM). All computing systems are state machines, and a reboot may be the only method to return to a designated initial state from an unintended, fault state. Booting was first described in the 1950s as the "bootstrap technique", so is short for bootstrap and derives from the phrase to pull oneself up by one's bootstraps. The earliest known recorded use of "boot" as the shortened form for "bootstrap" is 1975. The usage calls attention to the requirement that, if most software is loaded onto a computer by other software already running on the computer, some mechanism must exist to load the initial software onto the computer. Early computers used a variety of ad-hoc methods to get a small program (the bootstrap loader or bootstrap) into memory to solve this problem. The invention of ROM of various types solved this paradox by allowing computers to be shipped with a start-up program, stored in the boot ROM of the computer, that could not be erased. Growth in the capacity of ROM has allowed ever more elaborate start-up procedures to be implemented.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.
