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Katherine Johnson’s mathematical calculations helped guide some of America’s most important early space missions while she confronted the racial and gender barriers faced by Black women in twentieth-century America.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| Language | Russian |
|---|---|
| Classification | non-Latin Morse code for Russian Cyrillic |
| Succeeded by | MTK-2 |
The Russian Morse code approximates the Morse code for the Latin alphabet. It was enacted by the Russian government in 1856.[1][2]
To memorize the codes, practitioners use mnemonics known as напевы (loosely translated "melodies" or "chants"). The "melody" corresponding to a character is a sung phrase: syllables containing the vowels а, о, and ы correspond to dashes and are sung long, while syllables containing other vowels, as well the syllable ай, correspond to dots and are sung short. The specific "melodies" employed differ among various schools.[citation needed]
The correspondences between Cyrillic and Latin letters were codified in MTK-2, KOI-7, and KOI-8.[citation needed]
| Russian character | Latin character | Morse code | "Melody" | Melody Romanized |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| А | ⓘ | · − | ай-даа | ay-daa |
| Б | ⓘ | − · · · | баа-ки-те-кут | baa-ki-te-kut |
| В | ⓘ | · − − | ви-даа-лаа | vi-daa-laa |
| Г | ⓘ | − − · | гаа-раа-жи, гаа-гаа-рин | gaa-raa-zhi, gaa-gaa-rin |
| Д | ⓘ | − · · | доо-ми-ки | doo-mi-ki |
| Е Ё | ⓘ | · | есть | yest |
| Ж | ⓘ | · · · − | жи-ви-те-таак | zhi-vi-te-taak |
| З | ⓘ | − − · · | заа-каа-ти-ки, заа-моо-чи-ки | zaa-kaa-ti-ki, zaa-moh-tchi-ki, |
| И | ⓘ | · · | и-ди | i-di |
| Й | ⓘ | · − − − | и краат-коо-ее, йес-наа паа-раа | i kraat-koh-ey, yes-naa paa-raa |
| К | ⓘ | − · − | каак же таак?, каак-де-лаа | kaak zhe taak? kaak-de-laa |
| Л | ⓘ | · − · · | лу-наа-ти-ки | lu-naa-ti-ki |
| М | ⓘ | − − | маа-маа | maa-maa |
| Н | ⓘ | − · | ноо-мер | noh-mer |
| О | ⓘ | − − − | оо-коо-лоо | oh-koh-loh |
| П | ⓘ | · − − · | пи-лаа-поо-ёт, пи-лаа-ноо-ет | pi-laa-poh-yot, pi-laa-poh-yet |
| Р | ⓘ | · − · | ре-шаа-ет | re-shaa-yet |
| С | ⓘ | · · · | си-ни-е, си-не-е, са-мо-лёт | si-ni-ye, si-ne-ye, sa-mo-lyot |
| Т | ⓘ | − | таак | taak |
| У | ⓘ | · · − | у-нес-лоо | u-nes-loh |
| Ф | ⓘ | · · − · | фи-ли-моон-чик | fi-li-mone-tchik |
| Х | ⓘ | · · · · | хи-ми-чи-те | khi-mi-tchi-te |
| Ц | ⓘ | − · − · | цаа-пли-наа-ши, цаа-пли-хоо-дят | tsaa-pli-naa-shi, tsaa-pli-khoo-dyat |
| Ч | ö | − − − · | чаа-шаа-тоо-нет, чее-лоо-вее-чек | chaa-shaa-toh-net, chey-loh-vey-tchek |
| Ш | ch | − − − − | шаа-роо-ваа-рыы | shaa-roh-vaa-riy |
| Щ | ⓘ | − − · − | щаа-ваам-не-шаа | shchaa-vaam-ne-shaa |
| Ъ | ñ | − − · − − | ээ-тоо-твёр-дыый-знаак, твёёр-дыый-не-мяяг-киий | ey-toh-tvyor-diiy-znaak, tvyoor-diiy-ne-myayag-kiiy |
| Ы | ⓘ | − · − − | ыы-не-наа-доо | iy-ne-naa-doh |
| Ь | ⓘ | − · · − | тоо-мяг-кий-знаак | toh-myag-kiy-znaak |
| Э (Ѣ) | é | · · − · · | э-ле-ктроо-ни-ки | e-le-ktroh-ni-ki |
| Ю | ü | · · − − | ю-ли-аа-наа | yu-li-aa-naa |
| Я | ä | · − · − | я-маал-я-маал | ya-maal-ya-maal |
| ⓘ | · − − − − | и-тооль-коо-оо-днаа | i-tohl-koh-oh-dnaa | |
| ⓘ | · · − − − | две не-хоо-роо-шоо | dve ne-khoh-roh-shoh | |
| ⓘ | · · · − − | три те-бе-маа-лоо | tri te-be-maa-loh | |
| ⓘ | · · · · − | че-тве-ри-те-каа | che-tve-ri-te-kaa | |
| ⓘ | · · · · · | пя-ти-ле-ти-е | pya-ti-le-ti-ye | |
| ⓘ | − · · · · | поо-шес-ти бе-ри, шеесть по-ка бе-ри | poh-shes-ti be-ri, sheyest po-ka be-ri | |
| ⓘ | − − · · · | даа-даа-се-ме-ри, сеемь сеемь хо-ро-шо, даай-даай-за-ку-рить | daa-daa-se-me-ri, seyem seyem kho-ro-sho, daay-daay-za-ku-pit | |
| ⓘ | − − − · · | воо-сьмоо-гоо-и-ди | voh-smoh-goh-i-di | |
| ⓘ | − − − − · | ноо-наа-ноо-наа-ми | noh-naa-noh-naa-mi | |
| ⓘ | − − − − − | нооль-тоо-оо-коо-лоо | nohl-toh-oh-koh-lo | |
| . | · · · · · · | сеть сети сеть сети | set seti set seti | |
| , | · − · − · − | |||
| : | − − − · · · | |||
| ; | − · − · − | |||
| () | − · − − · − | |||
| ' | · − − − − · | |||
| " | · − · · − · | |||
| — | − · · · · − | |||
| / | − · · − · | дрообь здесь пред-стаавь-те | drohb zdes pred-staav-te | |
| ? | · · − − · · | вы ку-даа смоо-три-те? | vi ku-daa smoh-tri-te? | |
| ! | − − · · − − | гаа-даа-ли три браа-таа | gaa-daa-li tri braa-taa | |
| - | − · · · − | рааз-де-ли-те-каа | raaz-de-li-te-kaa | |
| Error/redo | · · · · · · · · | хи-ми-чи-те хи-ми-чи-те | khi-mi-tchi-te khi-mi-tchi-te | |
| @ | · − − · − · | |||
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
The Russian Morse code approximates the Morse code for the Latin alphabet. It was enacted by the Russian government in 1856. To memorize the codes, practitioners use mnemonics known as напевы (loosely translated "melodies" or "chants"). The "melody" corresponding to a character is a sung phrase: syllables containing the vowels а, о, and ы correspond to dashes and are sung long, while syllables containing other vowels, as well the syllable ай, correspond to dots and are sung short. The specific "melodies" employed differ among various schools. The correspondences between Cyrillic and Latin letters were codified in MTK-2, KOI-7, and KOI-8.
The Morse Message was a series of brief radio messages in Russian Morse code that were transmitted from the Evpatoria Planetary Radar (EPR) complex and directed to the planet Venus in 1962. The message consisted of three words, all encoded in Morse code: the word “Mir” (Russian: “Мир”, meaning both “peace” and “world”) was transmitted from the EPR on November 19, 1962, and the words “Lenin” (Russian: “Ленин”) and “USSR” (Russian: “СССР”, the abbreviation for the Soviet Union — Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, Soyúz Soviétskikh Sotsialistícheskikh Respúblik) were transmitted on November 24, 1962. In Russian, the Morse Message is referred to as the Radio Message “MIR, LENIN, USSR”. The message was used to test the radar station (though not for measuring the distance to Venus, since the EPR relied on a different technology, a coherent waveform with frequency manipulation, for distance measurements). The signals reflected off the surface of Venus and were received back on Earth 4 minutes, 32.7 seconds and 4 minutes, 44.7 seconds later (for the November 19 and November 24 broadcasts, respectively). The signals are currently in transit to the star HD 131336
Morse code is a telecommunications method which encodes text characters as standardized sequences of two different signal durations, called dots and dashes, or dits and dahs. It is named after Samuel Morse, one of several developers of the system. Morse's preliminary proposal for a telegraph code was replaced by an alphabet-based code developed by Alfred Vail, the engineer working with Morse. Vail's version was used for commercial telegraphy in North America. Friedrich Gerke simplified Vail's code to produce the code adopted in Europe, and most of the alphabetic part of the (ITU) "Morse" is copied from Gerke's revision. The ITU International Morse code encodes the 26 basic Latin letters A to Z, one accented Latin letter É, the Indo-Arabic numerals 0 to 9, and some punctuation and messaging procedural signals (prosigns). There is no distinction between upper and lower case letters. Each code symbol is formed by a sequence of dits and dahs. The dit duration can vary for signal clarity and operator skill, but for any one message, once the rhythm is established, a half-beat is the basic unit of time measurement. The duration of a dah is three times the duration of a dit. Each dit or dah within an encoded character is followed by a period of signal absence, called a space, equal to the dit duration. The letters of a word are separated by a space of duration equal to three dits, and words are separated by a space equal to seven dits. Morse code can be memorized and sent in a form perceptible to the human senses, e.g. via sound waves or visible light, such that it can be directly interpreted by persons trained in it. Morse code is usually transmitted by on-off keying of an information-carrying medium such as electric current, radio waves, visible light, or sound waves. The current or wave is present during the time period of the dit or dah and absent during the time between dits and dahs. Since many natural languages use more than the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, Morse alphabets have been developed for those, largely by transliteration of existing codes. To increase transmission efficiency, Vail designed the original alphabetic code so the duration of each symbol was approximately inverse to the frequency that the character it represents occurs in English text. After revisions that led to ITU Morse code, the assignment of codes to characters in a few cases became non-optimal, although many encodings are. For instance, the most common letter in English, E, has the shortest code – a single dit. Because code elements are specified relatively, by proportion, rather than fixed duration, the code is usually sent at the highest rate the receiver is capable of decoding.
This is a summary of the use of Morse code to represent alphabets other than Latin.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Joe Louis.
